(Williams) FJ44-2A, FJ44-2C, FJ44-3A, and FJ44-3A-24 model turbofan engines. The engine was designed with . The range is . The Williams F107 (company designation WR19) is a small turbofan engine made by Williams International. Princess offers two great choices for roundtrip cruises to the Caribbean: Ft. Lauderdale and Galveston, TX. {O09G3bC9e)`B+yoHT-D S! BBB Williams International Research06OctoberReport1997 Page 3 FJX-2 Turbofan Enqine The FJX-2 turbofan engine is in the 700-1b thrust class, features a high bypass ratio, and is a simple, light weight configuration weighing less than 100 pounds. Soak in the sunshine on top-rated beaches. Dr. Sam B. Williams worked at Chrysler on their automotive turbine systems, but always imagined a wider set of applications for the small gas turbine engine. Such engines are used in cruise missiles, drones, RPV, and other UAV. 7qBHNTXK! List of turbofan manufacturers - Wikipedia The Microturbo TRI 60 engine series are single-shaft turbojets developed to produce between 3.5 to 6 kN of thrust. The US signed a foreign military sales (FMS) agreement with the UK in 1995 to supply 65 Tomahawks for use with the Royal Navy nuclear submarines. Weapons. PRO MOTORS - 110 Photos & 119 Reviews - Yelp One of the nations most prestigious national labs has developed a new fuel substitute for the same jet fuel that powers cruise missiles. The Williams F107 (company designation WR19) is a small turbofan engine made by Williams International. The F122 is used to power the KEPD 350 air-launched cruise missile, and was the powerplant for the cancelled AGM-137 TSSAM air-launched cruise missile. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. It has been used as the powerplant for the AGM-86 ALCM, and BGM-109 Tomahawk, as well as the experimental Williams X-Jet flying platform. Raytheon was contracted to integrate the upgraded navigation and communication systems into the Block IV Tactical Tomahawk (TACTOM) missile in March 2020. This page was last edited on 22 October 2022, at 18:34. Contents 1 Applications 2 Specifications (WR19) It has been used in the Bell Flying Belt, the Williams Aerial Systems Platform (WASP), and the Kaman Stowable Aircrew Vehicle Escape Rotoseat (SAVER). Developments of this turbofan engine power the Foxjet business aircraft and all U.S. cruise missiles under development in 1980. - Purses The missile can be launched from over 140 US Navy ships and submarines and Astute and Trafalgar class submarines of the Royal Navy. )k| _`s[t+#6]k. - Camera bags [2] Although the AGM-137 was cancelled, the F122 was first used for the Taurus KEPD when it was flown aboard that missile in April 2002. Credit: US Navy. Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. The US Navy will use the upgraded Tomahawk cruise missiles beyond 2040. window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId, 'stat_source_id', 44); var lo = new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent); Bakersfield, CA 19456 Colombo Street Suite K Bakersfield, CA 93308 (661) 397-9400. The US Navy warships and submarines launched 66 GPS-enabled Tomahawk missiles at Syrian chemical weapon facilities in 2018. Raytheon received a $122m contract from the US Navy in March 2015 for the production of 114 Tomahawk Block IV all-up round missiles. The result, LANL says, is a fuel that can be made entirely within the United States, using home-made agricultural products. The U.S. Navy sits on a stockpile of 4,000 Tomahawk missiles, each powered by a Williams International F415 turbofan engine, making JP-10 an important part of the fleet's inventory. The Williams F107 (company designation WR19) is a small turbofan engine made by Williams International. The system enables the planning of new missions on board the launch vessel. The initial version of this article was based on a public domain article from Greg Goebel's Vectorsite. (1999). Fresno, CA Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. TTWCS is also used to communicate with multiple missiles for reassigning the targets and redirecting the missiles in flight. Monday to Friday 9:00AM to 6:00PM Pacific. The Tactical Tomahawk Weapons Control System (TTWCS) integrated within the ships systems computes the path to engage targets. He lives in San Francisco. Williams Internationalis a manufacturer of small gas turbine engines based in Walled Lake, Michigan, United States. Williams International F107-WR-101 Turbofan > National Museum of the https://www.forecastinternational.com/archive/disp_pdf.cfm?DACH_RECNO=1047, "Designations Of U.S. Military Aero Engines", http://www.designation-systems.net/usmilav/engines.html#_MILSTD1812, http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-137.html, National Museum of the USAF F107 fact sheet, https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Engineering:Williams_F107&oldid=2163060, An F107 engine on display at the San Diego Air & Space Museum. PDF Williams International Co., L.L.C. Turbofan Engines 2 0 obj We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. FJ44-3A model turbofan engines are susceptible to the same unsafe condition. Whittier, CA 2825 Pellissier Place Whittier, CA 90601 (562) 908-6890 . Williams International had been building small turbofan engines for cruise missile applications since the 1960s, and had successfully entered the general aviation market in 1992 with the FJ44 engine. tomahawk missile blast radius It produces jet engines for cruise missiles and small jet-powered aircraft. The uprated F107-WR-103 began in 1980, with a contract for full-scale development received in March 1982, and later redesignated the F112-WR-100. The Tomahawk Block IV missile is powered by a Williams International F415 cruise turbo-fan engine and ARC MK 135 rocket motor. @WN-="N>5 The AEDC Propulsion Directorate completed high pressure testing of an Ultra Compact Combustor (UCC) developed under a joint program with Williams International in 2003. U.S. Patent No. Its modular design enables the integration of numerous types of warheads, guidance and control systems. It has a life span of 30 years. #$ EO++THnDe:brLEX,!l:brEG19brvLLi#&Uhp /(ULg&fM}xZM,SG4FS2 8feO+@3!9Vs0 v"xa&+. The Williams International F107-WR-101 is an advanced two-shaft turbofan jet engine built to power the Boeing AGM-86B Air-launched Cruise Missile (ALCM). RGM / UGM-109C (Block III TLAM-C) is a conventional unitary variant, carrying a 1,000lb-class warhead. The contract includes 65 submarine torpedo tube-launched missiles for the Royal Navy. The UGM-109A Tomahawk (Block II TLAM-A) carries a W80 nuclear warhead. The New and Improved Tomahawk Missile Now Runs on Corn, The Future of Mobile Military Power May Be Nuclear. All visitors may be screened with a metal detector upon entry. It can be armed with a nuclear or unitary warhead or a conventional submunitions dispenser with combined-effect bomblets. The Truth Is Out There. It has been used in the Bell Flying Belt, the Williams Aerial Systems Platform (WASP), and the Kaman Stowable Aircrew Vehicle Escape Rotoseat (SAVER). ins.style.height = container.attributes.ezah.value + 'px'; - Firearms* In addition all bags are subject to search and may be placed through an X-Ray machine. These engines, like their bigger, more powerful cousins run on JP-10 jet fuel. The fuel is made with a byproduct of the process for making corn-based ethanol, making more efficient use of the corn and giving ethanol manufacturers an incentive to manufacture it. In April 1983, the Convair Division of General Dynamics was selected to develop and manufacture the AGM-129A Advanced Cruise Missile (ACM), powered by the F112-WR-100 engine, to arm Boeing B-52H and Northrop B-1B bombers. If so, this new fuel could be yet another military innovation that carries over to the civilian world. The result is a domestic, renewable fuel source that the lab believes will be significantly cheaper to use. These engines were designed to propel long-range missiles, for either decoy or attack purposes. - Knives It has been used as the powerplant for the AGM-86 ALCM, and BGM-109 Tomahawk, as well as the experimental Williams X-Jet flying platform. container.style.maxWidth = container.style.minWidth + 'px'; The result was the FJX-2 engine. The missile has a 5.56m length, 51.8cm diameter and a 2.67m wingspan. This first successful test flight of Tactical Tomahawk marks the beginning of a new age of strike warfare technology. pw PDF The Market for Missile/Drone/UAV Engines - Forecast International The fuel is blended to endure harsh weather conditions and long storage periods. `IXMF\*>7@0a-B1@ MT1_|=o;([oc^NO9TFdC The small turbine engine industry's major players are Williams International, Microturbo, Teledyne, and Hamilton Sundstrand. The NPRM published in the Federal Register on June 25, 2021 ( 86 FR 33579 ). Cruise missiles are modeled with straight-line constant-velocity ight between . Williams F107 - Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core The first production F112 engine was delivered in 1986, and delivery of production AGM-129A missiles began in June 1990. The engine is manufactured by Williams International, Walled Further tests will be performed to extend the database as well as to investigate several optimization opportunities, and an engine test is currently being considered for late 2004. The Tomahawk Block IV missiles were converted and upgraded to Block V in 2017. Born May 7, 1921 - Died June 22, 2009. Development. Its joint multi-effects warhead enables the commander to control the blast. The Williams International F415 engine for the Navy's next generation Tactical Tomahawk. The F107 was designed to propel cruise missiles. 'It looks like the airplane has lots of extra power.' The A700 is a turbofan-powered, six-seat aircraft, driven by two Williams International FJ33 engines." S. Clayton Moore Airport Journals, July 2006 "Starting the SportJet is an extremely simple process thanks to the Williams FJ33-4A engine and the Full Authority Digital Engine Control. <> Another contract worth $254.6m was awarded for Tomahawk Block IV in the same year. It has been used as the powerplant for the AGM-86 ALCM, and BGM-109 Tomahawk, as well as the experimental Williams X-Jet flying platform. Also in the 1980s, Williams identified a need in the general aviation market for a small, light jet engine to power cost-effective personal and corporate jet aircraft. %PDF-1.5 The Williams F107 (company designation WR19) is a small turbofan engine made by Williams International. JH n/-ZSmlr@7~hK!7?#k\E#KX: .E5y@44 General characteristics Type: 3-spool medium-bypass ratio turbofan [1] Length: 41 in (104 cm) [5] Diameter: 14.5 in (37 cm) [5] Dry weight: 96 lb (44 kg) : 16 Components Compressor: 1 fan, nine stages of axial compression, : 6 5-stage HP : 19 Combustors: annular : 7 Turbine: LP, IP and HP axial turbines Fuel type: aviation kerosene Performance cally, the cruise missile is powered by a small, high-efciency turbofan engine in the 600-pound thrust class. Testing was conducted in PR's High Pressure Combustor Research Facility (HPCRF), and the results show that the UCC performs as well as, or in some cases better than, the F415 combustor in terms of combustion efficiency. US Navy launch platforms were modified to accommodate upgraded Tomahawk missile variants. The Tomahawk weapon system includes the Tomahawk missile, Theatre Mission Planning Centre (TMPC) / Afloat Planning System and the Tomahawk weapon control system (TWCS) for surface vessels or combat control system (CCS) for submarines. The propulsion provides a subsonic speed of 880km/h. Tomahawk launch platforms The missile can be launched from over 140 US Navy ships and submarines and Astute and Trafalgar class submarines of the Royal Navy. !Pug\8kj36_e~I0{3YTg.J:}M9?5,fVfgdMBzQ*FURbe {VC9g--^ c6M Pf^\/ $YB`MmoB=>rv'/N5gzs|/n!|(iBD~vffD>d}mV7c{RY(6+V(&v k~}a}Y%w|Q.A{77w j'f Williams then contracted with Burt Rutan's Scaled Composites to design and build the Williams V-Jet II, a Very Light Jet to use as a testbed and technology demonstrator to showcase the new engine. Credit: Official US Navy Page from United States of America. The Block Va variants will be named Maritime Strike and have the capability of hitting a moving target. The Tomahawk Block IV missile is powered by a Williams International F415 cruise turbo-fan engine and ARC MK 135 rocket motor. Kyles articles have appeared at The Daily Beast, U.S. Sam Williams, born in Seattle, Washington, became a pioneer toward the end of World War II by designing an early turboprop engine for the Navy and the first Chrysler automotive gas turbine; he holds patents on these engines. The F107 was designed to propel cruise missiles. Williams International has a long history developing small turbojets, and the F112-WR-100 was one of its most advanced models. All visitors may be screened with a metal detector upon entry. var pid = 'ca-pub-1080079977389268'; The F107 was designed to propel cruise missiles. The Block Vb will feature the Joint Multi-Effects Warhead System. Isabe 2019 24387 Costaetal. | PDF | Jet Engine | Turbomachinery - Scribd ins.id = slotId + '-asloaded'; <>>> Launched from a vertical ground launcher, the Tactical Tomahawk successfully met all test objectives. 4 0 obj Abhijeet Tripathi on Twitter: "For instance, the Javelin is powered by The Digital Scene Matching Area Correlation (DSMAC) system or GPS provide terminal guidance. Airworthiness Directives; Williams International Co., L.L.C. Turbofan The F112 is essentially a miniature version of turbofan engines used in many airliners and military aircraft. PDF Cruise Missiles - Springer Small Fan-Jet Engine. ins.style.width = '100%'; The Block IV entered service with the Royal Navy in March 2008. The production version of the engine, the EJ22 flew on the prototype Eclipse 500 VLJ (which had evolved from the V-Jet II), but was subsequently replaced by a Pratt & Whitney engine. We believe in treating our customers fairly with respect and dignity. Permitted Items: Originally produced by General Dynamics, Tomahawk is currently manufactured by Raytheon. Naval Institute News, The Diplomat, Foreign Policy, Combat Aircraft Monthly, VICE News, and others. Although Williams originally designed these small turbofans to power target drones while aiming for a contract in the Subsonic . The US Navy awarded a $251m contract to Raytheon for the production and delivery of Tomahawk Block IV missiles for both the US Navy and Royal Navy in September 2014. Developed in the 1970s, Tomahawk was one of the first low-altitude, radar-evading cruise missiles to enter service, and today 145 U.S. Navy warships carry the missile daily as part of their standard missile loadout. The Williams International F122 is a twin-shaft, axial-centrifugal-flow turbofan that is similar to the F107 in configuration but has a maximum thrust of 900 lbf (3.33 to 4.0 kN). The ACM was the successor to the AGM-86B air-launched cruise missile, which used the F107-WR-101. Click here for frequently asked questions regarding items permitted inside the museum. Williams International had been building small turbofan engines for cruise missile applications since the 1960s, and had successfully entered the general aviation market in 1992 with the FJ44 engine. V.i%MOY h4j @t24R(A{F9]'wxbRY6? &c8Oj>GX94 This proposed AD would require the . American farmers plant 90 million acres of corn every year, which is then used in everything from high fructose corn syrup to feeding livestock. endobj Get industry leading news, data and analysis delivered to your inbox, The leading site for news and procurement in the naval defence industry, The Tomahawk is a long-range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile.. - Strollers Williams F112-WR-100 (F107-WR-103)Turbofan Engine Perhaps the most important aspect of the new formulation: its entirely renewable and made with Americas largest crop. <> That same year, NASA initiated a program, Advanced General Aviation Transport Experiments (AGATE), to partner with . - Alcohol At participating locations only. - Diaper bags DT-0 demonstrated all pre-launch and in-flight missile functionality. - Box cutters It carries a 1,000lb-class unitary warhead for a maximum range of 900nmi. F415 Engine The F415 is a smaller version of the Taurus missile engine that AEDC tested in 2000. US Navy's biofuel powered Tomahawk missiles open door to sustainable It produces jet engines for cruise missiles and small jet aircraft . It has been used as the powerplant for the AGM-129 Advanced Cruise Missile and the AGM-86B advanced cruise missile, as well as the experimental X-36 and X-50. The time of Arctic exceptionalism is over Lord Ashton, The UK demonstrates a half measure mindset on military readiness, Argentinas defence minister hints at Scorpene-class procurement after Brazil visit, Indian Navys Imphal embarks on maiden sea trials, Makin Island ARG, Philippines armed forces complete Balikatan 2023, RCNs fourth Harry DeWolf-class ship named HMCS William Hall, Kaveri: Exclusive satellite imagery of Indias evacuation of Sudan, Whos hiring who? Williams EJ22 / Williams FJ22 % Raytheon was awarded a $207m-worth firm-fixed-price contract in March 2009 for 207 Tomahawk Block IV All-Up-Round (AUR) missiles. Williams International is an American manufacturer of small gas turbine engines based in Pontiac, Michigan, United States. RGM / UGM-109D (Block III TLAM-D) is a submunitions dispenser variant armed with 166 combined-effects bomblets. 16718 Drury Dr. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 792 612] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> These engines were designed to propel long-range missiles, for either decoy or attack purposes. Williams International F112-WR-100 Turbofan > National Museum of the - Food and Soda Drinks The present work accomplishes an investigation of data available in open literature for small turbojet and turbofan engines, covering a range from 2.5 to 6 kN of thrust, to find the most. Williams F112 WR 100 (F107 WR 103)Turbofan Engine. Williams EJ22 - Wikipedia Tomahawk Long-Range Cruise Missile - Naval Technology Williams F107 Applications [ edit] AGM-86 ALCM BGM-109 Tomahawk In 1992, NASA initiated its Advanced General Aviation Transport Experiments (AGATE) program to partner with manufacturers and help develop technologies that would revitalize the sagging general aviation industry. Four Ohio class nuclear ballistic missile submarines were converted into cruise missile submarines for firing Tomahawk missiles. Click here for frequently asked questions regarding items permitted inside the museum. This ensures a steady supply of feedstock that is less susceptible to market volatility. endstream endobj 2814 0 obj <>stream The Tomahawk is designed to operate at very low altitudes while maintaining high-subsonic speeds. The Tomahawk Block IV uses GPS navigation and a satellite data-link to continue through a pre-set course. Williams EJ22 - Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core For the majority of cruise missiles, only Williams International manufactures turbofan engines. !3+B Ef*4iw%$J{m`)CR1L-qP':tdRI)w>yupe, This would result in planes with longer ranges or that need to carry less fuel to get from Point A to Point B. The New and Improved Tomahawk Missile Now Runs on Corn - Popular Mechanics 07-07-2011 02:37:02 ZULU, BGM-109 Block IV TLAM-E Tactical Tomahawk. Williams WR19 Turbofan Engine | National Air and Space Museum The. Credit: Cliff. od" [3] Although the AGM-137 was cancelled, the F122 was first used for the Taurus KEPD when it was flown aboard that missile in April 2002.[2]. lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId + '-asloaded'), { attributes: true }); The UCC turned out to have 69% less volume than the original F415 combustion system. 1 0 obj Data from Aircraft engines of the World 1970[1]. Tomahawk launch platforms The missile can be launched from over 140 US Navy ships and submarines and Astute and Trafalgar class submarines of the Royal Navy. !%j16*?M?0AD]iS[$S*9mwphRqTy4k5h'jZ[ In addition all bags are subject to search and may be placed through an X-Ray machine. Raytheon Company and the U.S. Navy successfully completed the first demonstration test flight (DT-0) of the Raytheon-produced Tactical Tomahawk on 23 August 2002 at a naval test range near Point Mugu, Calif. RGM / UGM-109E Tomahawk (Block IV TLAM-E) is the latest member in the Tomahawk missile family. A fully aerobatic version of the FJ44-4A engine, the FJ44-4M is a modern two-spool co-rotating turbofan engine with medium bypass ratio, mixed exhaust, and high cycle pressure ratio. All cruisers, destroyers, guided missile and attack submarines in the US Navy are equipped with a Tomahawk weapons system. PDF General Aviation Propulsion (GAP) Program, Turbine Engine System Element This proposed AD was prompted by a report of cracks in high-pressure turbine (HPT) disk posts and failure of an HPT disk post. In April of 2014.the last agm-129 along with ALL turbo fans were destroyed.. The Williams International F415 engine performed flawlessly as the Tactical Tomahawk missile passed a major program hurdle with a successful first flight. Hiring activity related to social responsibility decreased by 1% in the aerospace, defence & security industry in Q3 2022, Whos hiring who? endobj The F107-WR-101 is an advanced, two-shaft turbofan engine that powers the USAF AGM-86B Air Launched Cruise Missile. LANL believes that JP-10s high energy density might lead more high-performance jet engines to use the fuel. Raytheon conducted an active seeker test flight for the Tomahawk Block IV cruise missile in January 2016. The Williams F112 is a small turbofan engine made by Williams International designed to power cruise missiles. The upgraded Tomahawk includes extended range, enhanced navigation and communication systems and modernised data-link radio. Raytheon was awarded a $346m production contract for 473 Tomahawk Block IV cruise missiles in March 2006. S&-*nn?h`N'bp//G{!S43RsL)[ 4hB?B/^ lX#VQFK##n= k$o.qh?e|Mb af-zKv(?X_!+*aK#m&1F/Sv5NVC?z The 2,000th Tomahawk Block IV missile was delivered to the US Navy in February 2010. The Williams International F415 engine for the Navy's next generation Tactical Tomahawk cruise missile underwent testing in AEDC Test Cell T-11 in 2001. ins.className = 'adsbygoogle ezasloaded'; Kyle Mizokami is a writer on defense and security issues and has been at Popular Mechanics since 2015. container.style.maxHeight = container.style.minHeight + 'px'; "Designations Of U.S. Military Aero Engines", National Museum of the USAF F107 fact sheet, Williams Research / Williams International, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Williams_F107&oldid=1150501672, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 April 2023, at 15:08. hmo6qp45b0yW])"CPXiJ;k*U\3U>EA(fp|~eqnv_ [U_]4}_m;9&}ij+_u;Hk(LWvq{Uh~^mva_?my2KfKPGx80>f 3 QS\a`ivhf]iN|@_?6Y>+;ms|hI_1Uvagm]."0WL/knm9o}X]XwJMPPD=S,G/~X/] >&#E3F$r,?{+%'+I|lhs(jca>gLjQ?10&oKq}!Ol !y:dP>])[&Z@#`4] z:ItcV x][s6~w)$xMJ$TdNl%t)h qxXq$h4Fg7:r{y_^]).>=~To?"Q5e/8ZHH}34eJ+^8x)-FYeLYMM/ Leyes, Richard A.; Fleming, William A. The missile can engage high-value or heavily defended land targets. var alS = 2021 % 1000; Small turbine engines such as WR19 are finding industrial, marine, automotive, and pipeline applications. It also embodied low-observability (stealth) technology. Earlier Williams turbojets powered unmanned target drones and were used as auxiliary power units for military transport aircraft. Hiring activity related to robotics increased by 1% in the aerospace, defence & security industry in Q3 2022, Emergency communications where they are needed most: Bringing HF radio to the Caribbean, Why high frequency emergency radio communications network is critical for island nations, The lifeblood of modern naval architecture: data, Naval Technology Excellence Awards Research Guide, Hunterwater: A System Solution for Full-cycle Unmanned Minehunting, Command and control systems and components for the naval defence industry, Military communications systems and equipment suppliers for the naval defence industry, Transwing Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) UAS, US, Naval Station Mayport, Jacksonville, Florida. var container = document.getElementById(slotId); The NPRM was prompted by a report of cracks in the high-pressure turbine (HPT) disk posts and failure of an HPT . It has been building small turbofan engines since the 1950s for use in cruise missiles as well as target and reconnaissance drones. ins.style.minWidth = container.attributes.ezaw.value + 'px'; Everything from turbocharger, fuel pump, injector and engine repair, to preventive maintenance programs. The initial high cost of such powers is often offset by their efficiency, low operating costs, and low maintenance requirements. Raytheon planned to undertake recertification and modernisation programmes for Tomahawk Block IV missile in 2019 to add maritime strike capability and multiple-effects warhead upgrades to the missiles. Unlike petroleum-based JP-10, the feedstock-based method doesnt require harsh acids to manufacture, making it more environmentally friendly to use as well. The Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) can strike high-value or heavily defended land targets. If it involves explosions or projectiles, he's generally in favor of it. * Firearms, to include conceal carry and other dangerous weapons, are specifically prohibited in Federal facilities in accordance with 18 USC 930 (c) The U.S. Navy sits on a stockpile of 4,000 Tomahawk missiles, each powered by a Williams International F415 turbofan engine, making JP-10 an important part of the fleets inventory. ins.dataset.adClient = pid; PDF Design Characteristics of United States: Cruise Missiles Home - The Traveling Traveler missile uses a new Williams International F415-WR-400 turbojet engine. Sam B. Williams. Airworthiness Directives; Williams International Co., L.L.C. Turbofan