Severe pain in the cervical region, especially during sexual intercourse. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Ultrasonographic diagnosis and treatment of a giant uterine cervical nabothian cyst. 8th ed. Arch. Physiologic: Nabothian cysts are fluid filled cysts that are noted on the cervix and are often detected on ultrasound. But these growths are benign and usually very small. It can result in itching, pain, and bleeding. They are most often caused when stratified squamous epithelium of the ectocervix (portion nearest to the vagina) grows over the simple columnar epithelium of the endocervix (portion nearest to the uterus). Nabothian cyst - Wikipedia Nabothian cysts are one of the most common, harmless irregularities that gynecologists routinely see. In: Comprehensive Gynecology. Conclusion: In these cases, people may need a cystectomy to remove the cyst and treatment for genital prolapse. Before Learning that there is any kind of bump or lump in your cervix can be scary, but you shouldnt worry if you have a nabothian cyst. Complex Nabothian cysts: a diagnostic dilemma | SpringerLink Abnormal Cervical Appearance: What to Do, When to Worry? Only in rare cases where the cyst is large, symptoms develop. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Nabothian cysts can be screened and diagnosed during a pelvic examination. Nabothian glands line the cervix and release mucus. In this procedure, your doctor uses liquid nitrogen to freeze and shatter the cyst. National Library of Medicine. 2023 Healthline Media LLC. National Center for Biotechnology Information. ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads. International Agency for Research on Cancer - Screening Group. 6. Typically, nabothian cysts cause no symptoms and do not require any treatment. Small nabothian cysts do not usually cause any symptoms. Sign up now and get a FREE copy of theBest Diets for Cognitive Fitness. Last updated on Feb 13, 2023. Nabothian cyst Information | Mount Sinai - New York eCollection 2020. Nabothian cysts are not a sign of cervical cancer. A nabothian cyst is a lump filled with mucus on the surface of the cervix or cervical canal. An official website of the United States government. In most cases, nabothian cysts dont cause any symptoms. Nabothian Cyst - Symptoma The discharge may be smelly, too. Your healthcare provider may also recommend: The prognosis for nabothian cysts is very positive. Childbirth and physical trauma to the cervix can cause nabothian cysts in some women. Simple cysts Simple cysts are common. Variants Tunnel cluster, a special type of nabothian cyst, is characterized by complex multicystic dilatation of the endocervical glands. Nabothian cysts are benign bumps on the cervix. This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Complex Nabothian cysts: a diagnostic dilemma. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Multilocular Cystic Lesions in the Uterine Cervix: Broad Spectrum of Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. All rights reserved. A nabothian cyst is a lump filled with mucus on the surface of the cervix or cervical canal. Thats why you likely wont know whether you have them unless your healthcare provider mentions is after a pelvic exam. Is the mucinous retention cyst a benign cyst? and transmitted securely. Complex Nabothian cysts: a diagnostic dilemma - PubMed Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. These can be detected by vaginal ultrasound. Nabothian cysts are common enough, though, that doctors can usually identify them and rule out cancer right away. Nabothian cysts are benign (noncancerous) and they cannot become cervical cancer. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Multiple, large nabothian cysts can cause the cervix to expand. They also are seen in menopausal women whose cervical skin has thinned with age. If a doctor finds a nabothian cyst, they may take a tissue sample of the cyst to check it is not another type of bump. Ultrasonographic Diagnosis and Treatment of a Giant - ScienceDirect In: Baggish MS, Karram MM, eds. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. 11 (6): 1091-2. Nabothian cysts also are called nabothian follicles, epithelial inclusion cysts, and mucinous retention cysts. Usually, you won't know you have a nabothian cyst unless your doctor sees one during a pelvic exam and tells you it's there. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Nabothian cysts are fairly common. In general, cervical cysts don't cause symptoms and require no treatment. It is about 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) long. Naboth, Martin (16751721). This procedure is less invasive than excision or ablation. Nabothian cysts are benign bumps on the cervix. Nabothian cysts form when the mucus-producing glands in your cervix are 3 Risk factors for nabothian cysts. They may be translucent or opaque, whitish to yellow, and range from a few millimeters to 3 to 4 cm in diameter. Rarely, they cause symptoms and may need to be drained. After discovering these small white bumps on your cervix, your doctor may break a cyst to confirm the diagnosis. You probably wont know you have a nabothian cyst unless your provider notices it during a pelvic exam. Continue reading to learn more about nabothian cysts, including why they appear, how common they are and what you should do if you have them. 12. Sometimes the cyst is opened to confirm the diagnosis. However, they can even form bigger shapes like 3 - 4 centimeters in diameters. Large nabothian cysts can measure up to 4 centimeters (cm) in size. (2017). Talk to your doctor about specialized tests for identifying nabothian cysts if one or more cysts is discovered during an examination. Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cysts: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment - Verywell Health Chocolate cysts, also known as ovarian endometriomas, are a type of ovarian cyst seen in some women with endometriosis. A large nabothian cyst causing chronic urinary retention: A case report Large nabothian cysts are rare but may account for some unusual symptoms including unexplained urinary difficulties in women. We recommend treating symptomatic nabothian cysts with local cystectomies or hysterectomies. Togashi K, Noma S, Ozasa H. CT and MR demonstration of nabothian cysts mimicking a cystic adnexal mass. During pregnancy, the cervix closes to keep a developing baby inside the uterus. 2004;22 (9): 1333-7. The cysts are full of clear, light yellow, or amber mucus. They are closely associated with acetabular labral tears. It is about 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) long. What are complex nabothian cysts? - Wise-Answer Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 02 May 2023) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-13330, View Yuranga Weerakkody's current disclosures, see full revision history and disclosures, minimal deviation adenocarcinoma (MDA) of the cervix. Pol J Radiol. 13. To continue reading this article, you must log in. (2007) ISBN:3137544025. Cysts may be small and visible only under a microscope, or they may grow to a very large size and displace normal body structures. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted They are usually 2 millimeters to 10 millimeters in diameter, and they contain mucus that ranges in color from pale yellow to amber. The cysts are full of clear, light yellow, or amber mucus. These examinations can ensure your reproductive health and help your doctor identify problems with your cervix early. Casey PM, et al. AskMayoExpert. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Editorial team. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. Nabothian cysts are tiny cysts that form on the surface of your cervix. 4 Can A nabothian cyst be a sign of cervical cancer? Their diameter varies between 2 - 10 millimeters. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Nabothian Cyst Signs and Symptoms. FOIA By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. In many cases, nabothian cysts are not a cause for concern, and most people do not experience any symptoms. Cysts (Overview) - Harvard Health If a nabothian cyst does burst, a person may notice unusual discharge or odor from the vagina. Nabothian cysts are cysts filled with mucus that look like tiny bumps on the surface of the cervix. Normally, your cervix is open to allow your menstruation fluid to pass from your uterus to your vagina, and for sperm to enter the uterus from the vagina. Nabothian Cyst: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments - Healthline Oguri H, Maeda N, Izumiya C et-al. If your cysts are larger, however, they may cause symptoms such as vaginal bleeding, discharge, stomach pains, painful sex, and cervical swelling. The cervix is lined with glands and cells that release mucus. They can form, While cysts and tumors may look and feel similar, there are key differences. Sonography of Nabothian cysts. All rights reserved. These symptoms dont usually last long. Nabothian cysts that need treatment can be removed through an excision or through a process called electrocautery ablation. During an excision, your doctor uses a scalpel or blade to remove the growth. . Nabothian cysts do not cause any harm. This is very rare. A slim, lighted instrument (laparoscope) is inserted into your abdomen through a small cut (incision). In: Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, Valea FA, Lobo RA, eds. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Talk to your doctor about what treatment works best in your case, depending on the size and distribution of cysts in your cervix. Read our, Complex Ovarian Cysts: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications. Less often, nabothian cysts are related to chronic cervicitis, a long-term infection of the cervix. Small nabothian cysts do not need treatment. Background: Case A woman with two large intracervical cysts, one complex, underwent evaluation with ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All rights reserved. The majority are asymptomatic, although in rare cases they can enlarge and become symptomatic 12 or present with vaginal discharge. However, sometimes they can be mistaken for cancerous tumors, or make it difficult for healthcare providers to screen for cervical cancer. Clin Imaging. The easiest way to lookup drug information, identify pills, check interactions and set up your own personal medication records. Nabothian cysts are so common that they're considered to be a normal feature of cervical anatomy. Careers. These cysts dont cause pain, discomfort, or other symptoms, so its likely that your doctor will discover any cysts while examining your cervix for other problems. Nabothian cysts are a normal finding on the cervix of women who have had children. Nabothian cysts usually pose no health threat and dont need any treatment in most cases. Nabothian cysts also are called nabothian follicles, epithelial inclusion cysts, and mucinous retention cysts. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Most women have these cysts, and its common to have many of them. Because new tissue growth can cause cysts to form, an injury to or an infection of the cervix, such as cervicitis, can cause nabothian cysts. You should feel fine within a few days. It is about 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) long. They may recommend this method because of the very minimal blood loss that happens during this procedure. In the rare case that your cyst indicates a more serious condition, further diagnosis and treatment may take months. Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. 8. Medline Plus. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. It is usually discovered incidentally during a routine pelvic exam and usually . Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. In general, cervical cysts don't cause symptoms and require no treatment. Large Multilocular Cystic Lesions in the Uterine Cervix: Differential Nabothian cysts are full of mucus and can rupture. Commercial Photography: How To Get The Right Shots And Be Successful, Nikon Coolpix P510 Review: Helps You Take Cool Snaps, 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Marshmallow, Technological Advancements: How Technology Has Changed Our Lives (In A Bad Way), 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Lollipop, Awe-Inspiring Android Apps Fabulous Five, IM Graphics Plugin Review: You Dont Need A Graphic Designer. Mendiratta V, Lentz GM. Subscribe to Harvard Health Online for immediate access to health news and information from Harvard Medical School. http://www.acog.org/. If your provider notices them during a pelvic exam, dont worry. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 18. These cysts are also known by the name of Mucinous Retention Cyst and Epithelial Cyst. If the cysts are large, the cervical region can appear enlarged 11. Most nabothian cysts dont need any treatment. Stay on top of latest health news from Harvard Medical School. You may notice symptoms if you have a nabothian cyst that ruptures. Nabothian cysts usually occur at the transformation zone of the uterine cervix, and are a few millimeters to 3-4 cm in diameter [1]. Having an especially large cyst or multiple cysts may make it hard for your doctor to collect cells during a Pap smear. Markedly high signal intensity lesions in the uterine cervix on T2-weighted imaging: differentiation between mucin-producing carcinomas and nabothian cysts. In most cases, your doctor discovers that you have nabothian cysts during a routine gynecological exam. Sometimes, this is done by piercing the cyst and allowing fluid to drain out, known as an excision. Signal characteristics typically follow that of fluid 2. iso-to hypointense relative to muscle in typical cases, very rare cases with mucin may show some high signal, T2: cysts are hyperintense relative to muscle, T1 C+ (Gd):there is no associated enhancement and typically have no solid enhancing components. Check for errors and try again. No: Nabothian cysts are simply mucus filled glands on the cervix. Most nabothian cysts are clinically insignificant. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". This new tissue blocks the openings of the cervix's nabothian glands, trapping their mucous secretion in tiny pockets under the skin. Your doctor may notice one or more cysts during a routine pelvic examination. Youre most likely to develop these cysts if youre pregnant or 4 Symptoms of nabothian cysts. Symptomatic cervical macrocyst as a late complication of subtotal hysterectomy. Nabothian cysts are usually a long-term condition. Obstet. Abnormal cervical appearance: what to do, when to worry? People often develop nabothian cysts during their fertile years, after childbirth and when going through the menopause. This can determine whether the bumps are nabothian cysts or other types of bumps that can form on the cervix. Cervix Nabothian cysts develop when one of the mucous glands of the cervix becomes obstructed. Last medically reviewed on August 22, 2017, Vaginal cysts are closed pockets of air, fluid, or pus located on or under the vaginal lining. A doctor may also carry out a vaginal ultrasound, MRI scan, or CT scan to check for nabothian cysts. Cervical endometriosis causes growths on the cervix. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Last medically reviewed on November 20, 2019, Cysts are sac-like lumps that are neither painful nor dangerous. They almost always are considered to be normal. Nabothian cysts are a normal finding on the cervix of women who have had children. The color may vary from reddish white and a fluid (mucus) may be visible inside the cyst. Hearing the word tumor may be frightening, but many tumors are benign, Cervicitis refers to inflammation of the cervix, the narrow passage connecting the uterus and vagina. For example, cysts that burst may make PAP smears less effective at detecting cancer. BONUS! http://www.nichd.nih.gov/, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Vural F, Sanverdi I, Coskun AD, Kusgz A, Temel O. J Clin Diagn Res. 4th ed. However, nabothian cysts are most common in females who have given birth. Nabothian cysts are small, harmless cysts on the cervix. Physical trauma around the cervix can cause excess tissue to develop on top of mucus glands during the healing process and trap mucus, which can also cause these cysts to occur. The skin cells plug the glands, which causes mucus to accumulate. Nabothian cysts are a normal finding on the cervix of women who have had children. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cysts are full of mucus and can burst. 8600 Rockville Pike 7. Kuligowska E, Deeds L, Lu K. Pelvic pain: overlooked and underdiagnosed gynecologic conditions. Discover 14 types. Paralabral cysts of the hip joint are a location-specific subtype of paralabral cysts. How does waiting on prostate cancer treatment affect survival? However, most people with nabothian cysts will never have symptoms or need treatment. If complex ovarian cysts do cause symptoms, people may notice the following: pressure or bloating in the abdomen. Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances. However, if your cysts are causing symptoms or interfering with your healthcare providers ability to screen for cancer, they might suggest treatment. Radiographics. 10. The most common variety is a nabothian (nuh-BOW-thee-un) cyst, which forms when normal tissue on the outer part of the cervix grows over the glandular, mucus-producing tissue of the inner part of the cervix. Barrigon A, et al. Cysts may become so large that they make it hard for your doctor to access your cervix during a pelvic exam. Cervical cysts aren't cancerous. Cervical cysts: Can they be cancerous? Unable to process the form. Using the laparoscope, your provider can see your ovaries and any cyst. PMC This condition is a type of neoplasia that affects mucus production in your cervix, and these cysts are often identical to nabothian cysts. If its severe, it can make a routine cervical examination difficult or impossible. Testing the fluid will allow your provider to be sure that the bump isnt cancer, in case theres any question. Most nabothian cysts are discovered accidentally during routine pregnancy examinations. They are generally multiple, translucent or opaque, and whitish to yellow. (2019) Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland). Nabothian cyst. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Nabothian cysts (also called mucinous retention cysts or epithelial cysts) are common and benign and are considered a normal feature of the adult cervix ( Figure 1, C ). Cysts sometimes hurt - but not always. Nabothian Cyst of Uterine Cervix - DoveMed Nabothian Cysts - Harvard Health A complex ovarian cyst contains solid material or blood. prolonged or heavier menstruation than usual, electrocautery, which involves the use of a small probe with an electric current to burn off the cyst, cryotherapy, which involves the use of liquid nitrogen to freeze the cyst off. US of the Nongravid Cervix with Multimodality Imaging Correlation Hysterectomy revealed Nabothian cysts. Large multilocular cystic lesions in the uterine cervix: Differential diagnosis and significance. Your doctor might discover one incidentally during a pelvic exam. Adenoma malignum of the uterine cervix: Report of four cases. People who get them may have just one cyst, or they may have multiple nabothian cysts. Nabothian Cyst 1 Nabothian cysts are tiny cysts that form on the surface of your cervix. 14: 293. Your provider may take a sample of the fluid inside your cyst and send it off to the lab for testing. MR imaging of the uterine cervix: imaging-pathologic correlation. Chronic urinary retention caused by a large, deep nabothian cyst has not been reported previously. Kelly Burch is a freelance journalist who has covered health topics for more than 10 years. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3733704/). A cyst is a sac-like pocket of tissue containing fluid or other substances. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. A 2011 review recommends that people with a nabothian cyst larger than 1 cm in diameter see a gynecologist. 11. Learn about the possible effects on fertility and more. (2013). During a pelvic laparoscopy, your doctor uses an instrument called a laparoscope to examine your reproductive organs. One study reports how a large nabothian cyst blocked the labor passage in a pregnant woman. Nabothian cyst: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Magn Reson Imaging. Cambridge Univ Pr. This kind of cysts forms tiny crypt-like structures on your outer cervical wall. Introduction: Cervical nabothian cysts are common in women of reproductive age. 3. Cutaneous cysts and pseudocysts | DermNet Rarely, a nabothian cyst may cause symptoms that make you feel uncomfortable. Theyre smooth and appear white or yellow in color. Learn more about the many benefits and features of joining Harvard Health Online , Find the best treatments and procedures for you, Explore options for better nutrition and exercise. DOI: Tobah Y. Nabothian cysts are tiny cysts that form on the surface of your cervix. If a nabothian cyst does burst, a person may notice unusual discharge or odor from the vagina. Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. 2015 Oct;9(10):QD06-7. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? Can they rupture? . Nabothian cysts are so common that they're considered to be a normal feature of cervical anatomy. 2004;22 (9): 1333-7. They almost always are considered to be normal. If the cysts do increase in size, they could start causing symptoms. Complex ovarian cyst: Symptoms, risks, pictures, surgery Although cysts are generally small and asymptomatic, large ones are extremely rare and may be misdiagnosed as malignancy. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. A nabothian cyst (or nabothian follicle) [1] is a mucus-filled cyst on the surface of the cervix. Bates J. Nabothian cysts, also known as retention cysts of the cervix 11, are non-neoplastic cystic lesions that occur in relation to the uterine cervix. Rarely, magnifying the area (colposcopy) may be needed to tell these cysts from other bumps that can occur. What do you need to know about Nabothian cysts? Clin Med Insights Case Rep. 2020 Nov 13;13:1179547620974676. doi: 10.1177/1179547620974676. The presence of many cysts or cysts that are large and blocked can make it hard for the provider to do a Pap test. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies El-Agwany, A. S. (2018). J. Gynecol. A fluid-filled ovarian cyst is a simple cyst. They also are seen in menopausal women whose cervical skin has thinned with age. Nabothian Cyst: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment - Healthgrades I have constant periods. Month of March had about 3 days The cervix, which is the entrance to the uterus, is covered in mucus glands. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Benign cervical lesions and congenital anomalies of the cervix. It is common tumor found mostly in middle-aged and older women who have had multiple pregnancies There are no clearly established risk factors for Nabothian Cyst of Uterine Cervix. We avoid using tertiary references. Case: Read More. Answered in 7 minutes by: 4/29/2023. Don't miss your FREE gift. Depending on how much mucus is trapped inside, these cysts range from a few millimeters to 4 centimeters in diameter. Theyre one of the most common irregularities your provider finds during a pelvic exam. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. doi: 10.5114/pjr.2022.116913. 2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. A cyst is an abnormal, sac-like structure that can be found anywhere in the body. Show Less. People may have more than one nabothian cyst. Fibrocystic Breast vs. Cancer: What Are the Differences? Your cervix connects your vagina to your uterus. Dont worry if you have them. Nabothian cyst. Most women have nabothian cysts, small fluid-filled sacs on the cervix. They cannot become cancer. Reviewed by: John D. Jacobson, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA. "nabothian", and not "Nabothian", as it is an adjectival form derived from a name, not the name itself (cf. In: Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, Valea FA, Lobo RA, eds. Elsevier; 2017. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Large Nabothian Cyst Obstructing Labour Passage. Your doctor can also use a colposcopy to make an accurate diagnosis. Subscribe to Drugs.com newsletters for the latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates. However, if you are an adult woman who is sexually active, it is important to visit your gynecologist at least once a year for a routine checkup. Nabothian cysts do not cause any symptoms unless they become very large. Theres no known way to prevent nabothian cysts. AlJulaih G.H., Puckett Y. Nabothian cyst. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, Childbirth and physical trauma to the cervix can cause nabothian cysts, Surgeries and procedures for nabothian cysts, mayoclinic.org/cervical-cysts/expert-answers/faq-20058495?_ga=1.219592601.1010225190.1469142784, jmu-online.com/article/S0929-6441(12)00057-4/pdf, How to Remove a Cyst: Best Practices and What Not to Do. Lobo RA, et al. They are common and some reports suggest that they may be seen in up to 12% of routine pelvic MRI scans 2. The bump is called a nabothian cyst. Many people experience multiple nabothian cysts without symptoms. Talk to your doctor if youre concerned that you have an abnormally large cyst in your cervix while youre pregnant. [8,9,10] A tunnel cluster is a type of nabothian cyst characterized by complex multicystic dilatation of the endocervical glands. MRI of endocervical glandular disorders: three cases of a deep nabothian cyst and three cases of a minimal-deviation adenocarcinoma. If people have adenoma malignum, they may experience symptoms such as: If a doctor suspects a bump on the cervix is not benign, they will surgically remove it. Ovarian cysts - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic The electric current produces heat that your doctor runs back and forth over the cyst. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Comprehensive Gynecology. Is there a relationship between adenomyosis and nabothian cyst? In most cases, nabothian cysts occur when new tissue regrows on the cervix after childbirth. A cyst may form if, Cysts are typically harmless and dont always require treatment. Your doctor may take a biopsy of a cyst if they suspect that you might have a type of neoplasia affecting mucus production. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us"}, Weerakkody Y, Yap J, Bell D, et al. They cannot become cancer. In some cases, your doctor may drain fluid from a cyst. Nabothian cysts do not cause any problems. Practical Gynaecological Ultrasound. Please note the date of last review or update on all articles.