Despite many ex-slaves seeking to become farmers, they struggled to obtain land. Table 4, based on a study of 16 schools in rural Jamaica, indicates that by the late 1990s most children, especially the older ones, purchased their lunch outside the school gate. Forbes. J Agrar Change 4(4):461491, Weiss T (2005) A precarious balance: neoliberalism, crisis management and the social implosion in Jamaica. Ministry paper no. (2009) Fast-food and sweetened beverage consumption: association with overweight and high waist circumference in adolescents. The singing is done in a style known as 'tracking', where someone will call out one line of the sankey at a time, and then the rest of the gathering will sing the line together. Accessed 30 Nov 2019, Wilson M, McLennan A (2019) A comparative ethnography of nutrition interventions: structural violence and the industrialisation of agrifood systems in the Caribbean and the Pacific. Any signs that may come along with stretching episodes, such as fussiness, spit-ups, stiff limbs, and spasms, may indicate medical conditions that need to be assessed by a healthcare professional. Gently and slowly bend your baby's head toward his or her left shoulder. ADS Yet the clinics did not reach all malnourished children largely because many CHAs, who had to refer children to the clinic, were laid off (Anderson and Witter, 1994, p. 51; Irons, 1994). On the eve of independence in 1962, malnutrition was the largest single cause of death in Jamaica for children under one. Informed by WHO guidelines, at least seven large-scale anthropometric surveysmeasuring and weighing childrenwere undertaken in British Caribbean (former) colonies in the 1960s. Yet within urban areas there are also pockets of high poverty. As about 50 per cent of the income of lower-income households was spent on food, this increase in food prices significantly affected the amount and quality of food that they could give their children. PubMed Central First, a rapid increase in the informal sectorjobs not recognised as normal income and on which no taxes are paid, including illegal activitiesprovided unemployed or underemployed communities with some income. By the late 1960s, there was a shortage of district midwives and public health nurses so that these clinics were often held only every other month and they only reached about one-third of all infants born (Ashworth and Waterlow, 1974, p. 75). The pandemic will also increase unemployment so that more families will struggle to purchase food. Breastfeeding campaigns in the 1990s, for instance, were based on WHO guidelines but did not include consultation with the target audience. Ministry of Health, Kingston, Reddy SK (1971) Artificial feeding in Jamaica and Barbados. 314328, Weiss T (2004) Restructuring and redundancy: the impact and illogic of neoliberal agricultural reforms in Jamaica. Data for 2011 missing.
Cute Baby Stretching Arms After Being Unswaddled - YouTube 155, Arnold D (1994) The discovery of malnutrition and diet in colonial India. Babies do so to stretch out their arms and legs and just like adults, they do it when they lie in one position for too long.
Muscle Stretching in Babies: Exercises and Benefits - You are Mom https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2018.1460386, Planning institute of Jamaica (2018) Jamaica voluntary national review report of the implementation of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Set an exercise ball nearby and place a baby or toddler on the ball, on his/her stomach. Global Food Hist 4(2):168188, Scott-Smith T (2013) The fetishism of humanitarian objects and the management of malnutrition in emergencies. If a lizard jumps on a woman, it means she is pregnant or will soon become pregnant. If your baby starts stretching immediately or after 5-10 minutes of feeding, this shows the digestive problems. Is the baby hungry? Accessed 29 Nov 2019, Ferguson GM et al. There are many muscle stretching exercises and each segment of the body can and should be stretched. Country case studies. Thus during slavery, as Sidney Mintz (2010, p. 149) has argued, a system was set in place whereby food was divided into for export and to eat. This is partly because nutribun was associated with lower-class status and thus many children forwent it even if they could afford it (Jennings, 2016, p. 79). ISSN 2662-9992 (online), Tackling child malnutrition in Jamaica, 19622020, humanities and social sciences communications, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00536-5, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (, The COVID-19 crisis will exacerbate maternal and child undernutrition and child mortality in low- and middle-income countries, Ruralurban differences in socioeconomic inequality trends for double burden of malnutrition in Thailand 20052016, Trends and patterns of the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) in Peru: a pooled analysis of 129,159 motherchild dyads, Trends in underweight, stunting, and wasting prevalence and inequality among children under three in Indian states, 19932016, Patterns and determinants of the double burden of malnutrition at the household level in South and Southeast Asia, Basic determinants of child linear growth outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-sectional survey analysis of positive deviants in poor households, Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries, A combined model of child malnutrition and morbidity in Ethiopia using structural equation models, Economic shocks predict increases in child wasting prevalence, https://data.worldbank.org/country/jamaica, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-019-0456-z, https://www.forbes.com/sites/daphneewingchow/2020/03/31/five-ways-that-covid-19-has-changed-what-food-insecurity-looks-like-in-the-caribbean/#be2b925143e8, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/231621468770353524/Jamaicas-foodstamp-program-impacts-on-poverty-and-welfare, http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/nutrition/jam_en.stm, http://www.fao.org/americas/noticias/ver/en/c/246072/, https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.1988.9991028, https://ideas.repec.org/p/ags/faoaes/289006.html, http://www.nlj.gov.jm/MinistryPapers/1973/No.11.pdf, https://extranet.who.int/nutrition/gina/sites/default/files/JAM%202013%20Food%20and%20nutrition%20security%20policy.pdf, https://extranet.who.int/nutrition/gina/sites/default/files/JAM%202014%20NIYCF%20Policy.pdf, http://www.nlj.gov.jm/MinistryPapers/1970/34.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2018.1460386, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/19499JamaicaMain_VNR_Report.pdf, https://hungrycities.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/HCPReport4.pdf, https://tradingeconomics.com/jamaica/corporate-tax-rate, https://dec.usaid.gov/dec/content/Detail.aspx?vID=47&ctID=ODVhZjk4NWQtM2YyMi00YjRmLTkxNjktZTcxMjM2NDBmY2Uy&rID=NTQwNTg=, http://www.fao.org/tempref/docrep/fao/X2650t/X2650t08.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1177/030981680508500116, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43924/9789241563666_eng.pdf;jsessionid=1A568D03671ED127CF0D9B355A022301?sequence=1, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Healthy publics transforming and sustaining health research and action. Reflects the rise in the total domestic and foreign value added claimed by Jamaican citizens between 1985 and 2010 expressed in international dollars using purchasing power parity. "Talk and taste your tongue" is a funny Jamaica expression often used to mean "think before you speak." "Every hoe have dem stik a bush" is the equivalent of "there's someone out there for every person," while "de olda de moon, de brighter it shines" is often used to . If your baby is constantly crying while he grunts and stretches, you should be concerned. Muscle stretching has a number of benefits for your baby. Routledge, London, pp. As many Jamaican women had to work and there were no breastfeeding stations at their place of work, it is not surprising that targets for exclusive breastfeeding were not met. Early and exclusive breastfeeding has long been seen as a means to enhance the survival chances of infants; breastmilk is easily digested and uncontaminated with infectious organisms so it protects against gastroenteritis. Some signs that may point out a different scenario are the following: What is hypertonia? The various studies carried out in Jamaica in the 1960s found a rapid decline in breastfeeding: few mothers breastfed beyond 3 months and the trend was towards less breastfeeding and earlier introduction of the bottle (see Table 1). Although the concept is African derived, the proceedings at a wake have a strong EuropeanChristianinfluence. As in previous decades, current malnutrition rates reflect pockets of poverty.
The Best Baby Stretches - 1 Minute Yoga For Babies - YouTube PubMed Click here to learn aboutJamaican traditions at Christmas and Easter. For example, mothers rarely gave children under two fish, meat or sweet potatoes as they thought that these foods produced worms. But it will also highlight that without international loans and overseas aid, the island would not have witnessed a gradual decline in child malnutrition in the decades following independence. Terms of Service & Privacy Policy. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/231621468770353524/Jamaicas-foodstamp-program-impacts-on-poverty-and-welfare.
Infant Torticollis: Treatment, Stretches and Exercises - What to Expect The following section will discuss another impact of the SAPs on child nutrition: rising childhood obesity levels, facilitated by trade liberalisation and a reduction in the barriers on foreign capital. As in many other developing countries, eating at a fast food chain, especially a foreign-owned chain, is a status symbol in Jamaica as is the consumption of Coca-Cola and other imported brand-name drinks and processed foods. Taking part in this video:Gayle BerryLucy Roberts: https://www.channelmum.com/creators/lucy-roberts-dear-beautifulSJ Strum: https://www.channelmum.com/creators/sj-strumProduction music: www.epidemicsound.comDon't miss a thing - hit that button and subscribe to Channel Mum today https://www.youtube.com/user/channelmumChannel Mum is the UK's first YouTube community for mums. This was partly due to population growth and increased outmigration of medical staff as cuts in government expenditure also affected the medical services. As a result, in the mid-1970s, Jamaica experienced a nutrition crisis. CAS And third, it will question whether the double burden of child malnutrition will give rise to healthy publicsdynamic collectives of people, ideas and environments that can enable health and well-being. Nonetheless, even within urban parishes there were areas with considerable pockets of child malnutritionreaching as high as 10.5 per cent in some parts of Kingston and St. Andrew (Rainford, 1984, pp. Using a good quality Colic drops, you should select the brand which has lactase enzyme in it. your Facebook account, or anywhere that someone would find this page valuable. A study undertaken by Arlene Fonaroff (1968), a visiting research fellow at CFNI, in the late 1960s, found that even many mothers who attended child welfare clinics held on to traditional, non-nutritious weaning practices. This meant that many children were unable to buy the more nutritious optionthe cooked lunchas this cost J$610 compared to J$1 for the nutribun.
Jamaican Traditions Birth and Death Practices - Real Jamaica Vacations A recent study of 35-year-old children in rural Jamaica, for instance, has found that 16 per cent were nutritionally at risk: 9 per cent were moderately to severely undernourished and 6.9 per cent were overweight (Cory et al., 2014). The hip joint is a ball and socket joint. The navel string (umbilical cord) of a newborn may be buried and a tree planted on the spot. Stretching by beautiful female volleyball team Russia - #Women - #Sport. In other tropical British colonies, there was a similar focus on protein deficiency which, as Nott (2018) has argued, was a continuation of the work of the Committee on Nutrition in the Colonial Empire that had presented child malnutrition as a problem of quality not quantity. In general, during the first months of life, little ones dont carry out physical activity in a planned way. Be warned, this article is not intended to replace medical advice or recommend any course of treatment! I will ask my Mom and if she never did it to me I will not be doing it to my baby girl. Accessed 29 Nov 2019, Ministry of Health (1995) Nutritional status of children 035 months. Abigay is the Jamaican version of Abigail. 338339). And Fig. Child malnutrition was studied and problematised long before Jamaica gained independence and was part of broader regional and imperial-wide investigations into nutrition. Hold his forearm with your other hand. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. It looked at the food intake of 665 pre-school children from 369 families in 59 different areas. Since I have received this question many times, I have decided to write this detailed guide that explains every detail about babies who stretch. By participating in these videos, you are assuming all risks of injury that might result. Words in everyday use - macca, foot bottom, ginnal. In: Vojnovic I (ed) Urban sustainability: a global perspective. Share your thoughts in our Channel Mum Chat:https://www.channelmum.com/chat/Disclaimer: Not all exercises are suitable for every baby. However, it's a matter of great care and must be done with the medical endorsement. Accessed 28 Nov 2019, Valstar A (1999) Home-based food production in urban Jamaica. I live in Jamaica, maybe there are others here too that live here. Half Moon Beach. The Best Baby Stretches - 1 Minute Yoga For Babies | Channel Mum Channel Mum 322K subscribers 252K views 3 years ago If you've ever worried that your baby has been in their car seat for too. J World Hist 28(34):525550, Stephens EH, Stephens JD (1986) Democratic socialism in Jamaica: the political movement and social transformation in dependent capitalism. Saskia Osendarp, Jonathan Kweku Akuoku, Rebecca Heidkamp, Seo Ah Hong, Pattanee Winichagoon & Young-Ho Khang, Marco Pomati, Daniel Mendoza-Quispe, Antonio Bernab-Ortiz, Omar Karlsson, Rockli Kim, S. V. Subramanian, Tuhin Biswas, Nick Townsend, Abdullah Mamun, Local Burden of Disease Child Growth Failure Collaborators, Kasahun Takele, Temesgen Zewotir & Denis Ndanguza, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications In the 1970s, then, local and external factors combined to produce a nutrition crisis. The WHO, for instance, questioned the suitability of cod liver oil distribution schemes in tropical regions where sunlight exposure throughout the year allowed for optimal levels of Vitamin D, and started issuing guidelines for large-scale nutrition surveys that included attention to social and cultural factors (Jelliffe, 1955). CHAs did a lot of routine clinic health work but focussed mainly on maternal and child welfare. This helps is releasing the trapped gas and you will notice a decrease in the symptoms. Torticollis is the medical term for neck turning or tilting. This use of lay health workers first began in 1969 when the GoJ, the University of the West Indies and Cornell University Medical College set up a rural health project in Elderslie, in the parish of St. Elisabeth, which had a high rate of infant mortality caused by malnutrition (Alderman et al., 1973, p. 1168). Soc Sci Med 19(3):225235, Masters W, Rosenblum N, Alemu R (2018) Agricultural transformation, nutrition transition and food policy in Africa: Preston curves reveal new stylised facts. Like other plantation economies in the Caribbean, Jamaica had long been reliant on the importation of large quantities of food, a dependency that dated back to the formation of sugar plantations in the 17th century. 6264). Accessed 30 Nov 2019, Mintz S (2010) Food enigmas, colonial and postcolonial. Strengthening babies' necks is their parent's job, and you can achieve this through certain stimulation exercises. Institute of Social and Economic Research, Kingston, Jelliffe DB (1955) Infant nutrition in the sub-tropics and tropics. http://www.fao.org/tempref/docrep/fao/X2650t/X2650t08.pdf. You can use, When the baby is stretching and arching at the same time, this can be because of the pain. How to Help Baby Gain Weight While Breastfeeding? Others voted with their feet and migrated overseas. The impact of the increased use of CHAs on malnutrition varied from parish to parish. Since the late 1990s, there has been a downward trend in child malnutrition as Table 5 shows. A newborn baby will start grunting and stretching again when you will feed him. nellson nutraceutical revenue; arlington catholic basketball roster; jack cawood and suzy hunt; lawn vacuum for acorns rental.
Exercises: Upper Extremities Infant (Passive) - Nationwide Children's This holds the shoulder down. They relieve everything from belly aches and nausea to high cholesterol and the symptoms of gout. Largely as a means to reduce costs, sugar planters reserved some land on their estates for slaves to cultivate their own food and supplemented their slaves diet with imported foods, such as salted, dried fish. You do it after each bath for a little while but I don't think for long. During the period under consideration, a range of measuring methods and classification systems were used to assess child malnutrition. A study of some 800 children in grade 5 in 16 rural schools in 199596 found that 14.7 per cent suffered from anaemia and more than 10 per cent had not had any breakfast (Hutchinson, 1996, pp. Holding the child, gently roll the exercise ball forward. Hinchliffe et al. Did you recently change the formula milk? After birth, you should take care of the babys umbilicus, a newborn can feel pain if there is an infection at the site of the umbilicus. up to 22 hours per day but only for an hour or so at a stretch, thanks to the need to fill their . J Hyg 63(1):137153, Article Gas in the stomach of the newborn baby results in discomfort and baby starts stretching. 1.9M views 1 year ago Babies come out of the womb pretty cramped and tight. Another survey took place in 1970, carried out with support from the Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institution (CFNI), a specialist centre of PAHO set up in 1967.
My Newborn Stretches A Lot - Why and What to Watch Out For Expresses the dietary energy supply (DES) as a percentage of the average dietary energy requirement (ADER). Correspondence to Muscle tone is the permanent slight tension of the muscles to achieve body support and posture. Nor did they advocate instruction in proper, i.e. For instance, the GoJ ran campaigns to increase exclusive breastfeeding, set up nutrition clinics that monitored the weight of children, handed out supplementary foods for pregnant and nursing women and undernourished children, and employed public health workers who taught women how to prepare nutritious weaning foods. A red string may be tied around a newborn's wrist, or in the hair. In the 1930s, then, many parents struggled to feed their children sufficient and nutritious food, especially those in urban areas who lacked domestic gardens. Consult with your healthcare provider before starting any exercises. This body of work has focussed mostly on the first half of the 20th century. The author declares no competing interests. Yet they also stimulated economic growth, particularly through their emphasis on free market programmes. Bull World Health Org 58(5):773777, Hinchliffe S et al. Most babies with torticollis get better through position changes and stretching exercises. Alderman MH, Husted J, Levy B, Searle B, Minott OD (1973) A young-child nutrition programme in rural Jamaica. This along with an increase in self-sufficiency amidst high food prices led to a 1020 per cent increase in domestic food production between 1977 and 1979, which further explains why the overall nutritional status of children did not decline in the second half of the 1970s (Weiss, 2004, p. 465). mom & daughters doing stretching exercises on the lawn joyfully - young girls stretching stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images group of children (6-7 years) standing in park, arms out, side view - young girls stretching stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images Sarah is a healthcare writer, motivated by her love of reading books while growing up. Nowadays in rural areas, it is not unusual for a sound system to be hired for the occasion. From a wide range of sports to exciting activities and other kid-friendly features on-site, you'll be spoiled for choice during your family adventures here. Public health nutritionists at the time already warned about the impact of these unhealthy dietary habits as these children moved into adolescence and adulthood (Walker et al., 1998). Google Scholar, Mozaffarian D, Angell SY, Lang T, Rivera JA (2018) Role of government policy in nutritionbarriers to and opportunities for healthier eating. In fact, the parishes that most experienced natural hazards showed particularly high levels of child malnutrition, such as St. Catherine, St. Elisabeth and St. Thomas. A recent literature review of quantitative studies has concluded that in low-income and middle-income countries trade openness has reduced malnutrition most likely because trade policies enhanced food security and provided a cushion against the impact of international food price rises on the domestic price of staple foods. Between 1921 and 1943, the population increased by 1.6 per cent per annum (Eisner, 1961, p. 135) but the availability of food for domestic consumption did not rise accordingly. It was partly because there were more jobs available, wages were higher, and it was easier to supplement income by tapping into the informal labour market that urban areas witnessed lower levels of child malnutrition (Anderson and Witter, 1994, p. 33). This is a sort of digestive process and when a baby stretch, this helps indigestion. You should properly feed the newborn, At this time, it is important to note the facial expressions of the baby. : 204829) through the Centre for Future Health (CFH) at the University of York. Google Scholar, Anderson P, Witter M (1994) Crisis, adjustment and social change: a case study of Jamaica. In line with this advice, in 1967 the GoJ assumed responsibility for the USAID-sponsored Food-for-Peace programme, which included a school feeding programme and the distribution of dried skimmed milk and CSM (a mixture of cornmeal, soya and powdered milk) to nursing and pregnant women and children up to the age of 2 years. For instance, PAHO (1970) and other aid agencies active in the region placed significant responsibility on Caribbean governments, asking them for instance to fortify all imported dried skimmed milk with vitamin A; distribute low-cost iron and folic acid supplements for children under 2 years through health clinics; and subsidise foods for children, such as multi-mix weaning foods made from locally available ingredients. Jamaican traditions at Christmas and Easter. One of the strongest Jamaican traditions concerning death, is that of a wake, also called Nine Night or Set Up. CFNI, Jamaica, Sparks L (2017) Too many cooks spoil the soup: conflicting British nutrition education policy approaches and African responses. Here are10 popular Jamaican folk remedies: J.L. In the 1950s, child malnutrition in Jamaica became defined as a medical-nutritional problem. Hungry Cities report no. Also people adopted a variety of coping mechanisms: many sought recourse to the informal economy, while others used up their savings or relied on overseas remittances. For example, at 25 weeks, a baby has a 67 to 76 percent chance of viability. Google Scholar, Jennings Z (2016) Impact of the provision of school lunch on attendance in remote rural Jamaican primary schools. 7788). To perform stretching exercises in babies, you must make sure that theyre lying on their back on a firm and comfortable pillow. Changes in demographic and economic circumstances made it even more difficult to secure adequate nutrition after the First World War. Remember that all children are unique and some health conditions can involve contraindications when stretching. Nonetheless, it was very much what Hinchliffe et al. And second, Jamaica and most other Caribbean SIDS are patronage democracies; that is, democracies in which citizens, especially those in lower-income groups, are integrated into politics through clientelistic relationships with their political parties (Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2018, p. 5). The following will show that changes in the global economy and conditions imposed by international lenders significantly affected the GoJs ability to lower child malnutrition levels and also contributed to a rise in childhood obesity. For example, under agreements with agencies like the IMF, the price controls on certain food items were repealed and CHAs were no longer able to hand out supplementary food. Accessed 29 Nov 2019, Trading Economics. Add your Channel: http://bit.ly/CMJoinInWebsite: https://www.channelmum.com/Twitter: https://twitter.com/channelmumFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/channelmumInstagram: https://instagram.com/channelmum/*Disclaimer: The information in this video was correct at the time of publication. Jamaica Makes History Sending Its First Shipment of 10 Singers and Rappers You May Not Know Were of Jamaican Neurosurgeon is now the first black woman to Top 10 Jamaican Men Pick-up Lines You May Have Heard. If you forget, your only hope is to bite each finger really hard. While in 2013, some 20 per cent of the urban population were poor, in rural areas it was more than 31 per cent. The neoliberal path taken by the GoJ since the 1980s to meet conditions imposed by international lenders have not only done much to increase food insecurity amongst low-income groups but also facilitated a rise in income. It was strongly recommended that infant feeding was taught through practical demonstrations, using foods, cooking equipment and methods that were feasible in local homes (Ashworth and Waterlow, 1974). Maybe youve wondered is this normal or not? Accessed 10 Apr 2020, Ezemenari K, Subbarao K (1999) Jamaicas food stamp program: impacts on poverty and welfare. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'drqaisrani_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_6',137,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-drqaisrani_com-medrectangle-3-0');Newborn babies make noises and even stretch their bodies and this is often absolutely normal. When you finish with the right arm, perform the exact same exercise with the left arm. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. This model has since been copied by many other countries.Footnote 7. USAID, Washington. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'drqaisrani_com-leader-1','ezslot_3',144,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-drqaisrani_com-leader-1-0'); This is different from the normal stretching of the baby. Econ Hist Rev 65(4):12801302, Aykroyd WR (1965) Nutrition in the Caribbean. In: Primary healthcare and the child in especially difficult circumstances, vol. But some are carried out only in some parts of the island, and some are far removed from the upper echelons of society.
The Top Traditional Jamaican Sayings & Phrases | Sandals Blog Slider with three articles shown per slide. Chatterbox is the English translation of the phrase. Google Scholar, Mullings B (2013) Neoliberal restructuring, poverty, and urban sustainability in Kingston, Jamaica. Cajanus 2(4):303311, Edwards LJ (1984) Nutritional status and problems school child and adolescent [workshop paper]. World Bank, Washington. This was largely because the parish employed nearly twice as many CHAs as other parishes and also had a relatively continuous supply of food aid from the US (Marchione, 1984, pp. CAS Third World Q 34(5):913928, Scott-Smith T (2014a) Control and bio power in contemporary humanitarian aid: the case of supplementary feeding J Refug Stud 28(1):2137, Scott-Smith T (2014b) How projects rise and fall: the lifecycle of a dietary modernisation scheme. Public Health Nutr 12(8):11061114, Fllberg-Stolberg C (2004) The Caribbean in the second world war. http://www.fao.org/americas/noticias/ver/en/c/246072/. 2 talking about this. Jamaicas average supply of calories for food consumption has been normalised by the average dietary energy requirement estimated for its population to provide an index of adequacy of the food supply in terms of calories. They had to encourage exclusive breast feeding; improve weaning practices; encourage a more balanced and affordable family diet by reducing the reliance on imported foods and increase the use of home-grown alternatives; and increase regular attendance at clinics so that childrens weight could be monitored and at-risk cases be given supplements (Riley, 2005, p. 180; Marchione, 1984).