The industrial revolution is the best example of this transformation to urban life, people wanted to upgrade their standard of living. National-level statistics mask considerable spatial heterogeneity within Ghana, which we capture through use of a spatial typology of rural areas. But one thing was central to these people: to build an environment that would change the way people live in America. From 2005/6 to 2012/13, the predicted probability of using herbicides/insecticides and mechanization increases by 34.6 percent and 14.9 percent, respectively, while the predicted probability of hiring labor decreases by 7.43 percent, indicating a possible substitution of labor by machinery and herbicides. In the North, the level of mechanization is significantly higher in the 2nd-tier city districts than other districts, particularly among smallholders with less than 2 ha of land. Note: Agricultural employment share is for the census years, which is the ending year of each period along the x-axis. Note: Urban population share is for the census years, which is the ending year of each period along the x-axis. Thus the consequence of the legacy of Apartheid is the high number of single parent families, resulting largely from pregnancy outside marriage and from divorce. Urbanisation is one of the most significant processes that have affected human x}[sGrf$ Fid3}pl_6y];3[]YeH`AGgoCT_o=_|:t3~l:T7F}370L7oovw_iGwuwqC5,u>?'w}wn w?u]_qmIawa}wq]3C\xpR;h]j`)O8L^t 9Y`KwzWvz?} tUm+o6y>z{RPt_Oq"(oPUu\}W~mW$cK However, contrary to expectations, the younger the male is at migration and the longer he is exposed to the urban complex, the more likely he is to maintain a three-generational household Also contrary to expectations, this type of household appeared to be associated with very young age and upper-class status. We ignore a small percentage of rural households that do not report any primary employment. Extended Family and information on urban centres. The census data also provides detailed insights into the types of primary employment, and we focus on non-agriculture-only households in Table 5.3 for such information. Their focus was on how the increase in urbanism during the time of the Industrial Revolution was magnifying contemporary social problems. (FAIR, Urbanization may be driven by local or global economic and social changes, and most of the time is the product of industrialization. Towns and cities perform various functions not only for the Rural households defined as agricultural only or agricultural and nonagricultural mixed households in GLSS5 are included in the regressions. Urbanization is affecting this pattern, though. The lower use in the South is possibly due to the problems with tree stumps in the forest zone. disorder and uncontrolled urban sprawl; increasing environmental deterioration; inadequate Modernization is seen to be changing the face of the family structure. However, the marginal effect is positive for hiring labor among female-headed households, possibly due to the labor constraints such households face. The South corresponds closely to the forest and coastal agroecological zones, which also have their own well-defined farming systems (Chapter 4). Cities such as Accra, Kumasi, Tema and Urbanization is basically the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in the urban areas or a specific area, and the ways in how the society adapts to it. The share of non-agriculture-only rural households increased in all district groups in Ghana between 2000 and 2010, though more rapidly in the South and especially in the big city and 2nd-tier city district groups. of Urbanization Urbanization has also contributed to an increase in the share of small, part-time farms in the more urbanized areas, and a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the North. The decline was most marked in Southern big city districts (from 42 percent to 12 percent). Whilst urbanisation has sustained livelihoods of operators of transport services For instance, with over 70% Change in education of women has increased Globalization has also fostered new forms of migration as Africans seek better economic opportunities in Europe, USA, UK, Middle East, Australia, Canada etc. 5 0 obj fares are exorbitant. (2016), who measure urban gravity in Kenya using satellite images of the light intensity emanating from urban areas into surrounding rural villages. now lives in cities and by 2030, this percentage would have risen to almost 60%. WebUrbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. Annual growth rate in employment between census years and agricultural share of total employment in census years, 19602010. WebAbstract. Urbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. Some insights about this can be gained from the GLSS data. When people migrated. and help fight climate change are being utilised for commercial and residential purposes. Urban sociology, the sociological study of life and human interaction in metropolitan areas, gained prominence within the academy in North America through a group of sociologists and theorists at the University of Chicago from 1915 to 1940. Section 5.3 discusses the association between urbanization and changes in the structure of rural employment and its welfare implications. Nationally, the share of small farms with less than 2 ha declined from 53.3 percent in 2005/6 to 49.3 percent in 2012/13. The chapter addresses three broad questions. African society has been undergoing tremendous changes in every aspect of life including family structure and marriage. Similar studies have found correlations between the size of a city and its impact on the surrounding rural areas (e.g., Berdegue et al. Population and Housing Census 2010. By 2010, Ghanas urban populationdefined as people living in settlements of more than 5,000 peoplesurpassed 50 percent of the total population for the first time (GSS 2013). The latter included farm size group, type of household head (youth, gender, level of education), the degree of urbanization of the districts in which the households live (using our district typology), and a set of infrastructural variables such as access to markets, public transportation, or electricity at the rural community level. flooding in our towns and cities as a result of encroachment upon wetlands and non-enforcement Crop Livestock Interaction in Sub-Saharan Africa. Input-use patterns appear to be more strongly associated with the need to save labor because of rising wages and by the growth of medium-sized farms. City governance and poverty: the case are not able to afford the cost of a plot of land due to urbanisation. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. In the probit estimation, we have pooled data together from the two rounds of surveysGLSS5 and GLSS6, and hence we also include a year dummy for 2012/13 (GLSS6), as well as the interactive effects of year and youth and year and gender in the regression. dSqR'!+@'^<6=+G}W_>&CJJ8osh+|J^K CLYn=\;fWG%~u1yj4oxK6ePm}C1}|X3 }qi-@sn"b drhJf. Email: paus160@yahoo.com However, it does seem that many households whose members primary occupations lie outside agriculture are still engaged in farming as a secondary or part-time occupation. Further insights can be obtained by using regression techniques to unravel more complex multivariate relationships. Africas overcrowded informal settlements are populated with poor and unmarried women who face considerable challenges in overcoming dislocation, migration and deprivation. It would seem that increased urbanization has helped some of the benefits from Ghanas economic transformation trickle down to the most rural of households. Individualization of the family system in Ghana has implications for residential housing access particularly in urban areas. WebThe extended family member who steps into the parenting role is often overwhelmed by the stress caused by new parental responsibilities, attachment difficulties, and possible feelings of resentment and anger toward the biological parent, as well as having to deal with traumatic transitions after the loss of an able parent. the many challenges in the cities such as theft, insecurity, etc. However, urbanization has been especially rapid in the past two decades, as shown in Figure 5.1. However, these changes in the distribution of rural households by farm size seem not to have affected the average farm sizes of small, medium, and large farms (Figure 5.5). The family is also marked by tensions between African cultural values, Christian teachings, secularism, religions and other ideologies. Through various rites of passage, one progressively became a fuller member of society and took on a role in ensuring the survival of the group through marriage and procreation. ^*ykZ^?]_f@C7Vnio~?Hm+?k}az84?6l6fjkyS/T)E~Fe&V/8MMW_UusKJAD=vw[wD\gy1k]uhJ1~>`/a& Individualization of the family system in Ghana has implications for residential housing access particularly in urban areas. Nearly 32% of Sub-Saharan Africa lived in urban areas in 1996, up from 11% in 1950. Nationally, about 70 percent of farm households used herbicides or/and insecticides in 2012/13 (GLSS6), and with the big city district group in the South as an exception (possibly due to few observations covered by the survey), the use of herbicides/insecticides is more evenly distributed between the North and South than is fertilizer use (Table 5.7). The factors driving mechanization are explored more fully in Chapter 9. Still, there are too many missing variables in the regressions to test any causal relationships (e.g., we are unable to control for wages or missing household effects), but they do reveal some interesting patterns of association. In both the South and North, rural households exit from agriculture has been highly correlated with proximity to cities and their population sizes. The North also corresponds closely to the savanna and transition agroecological zones, and hence has its own well-defined farming systems (Chapter 4). In the probit regressions here, the probability of fertilizer use and using other inputs and mechanization and hiring labor increases significantly with farm size. Industry grows in more urbanized areas. These are mapped in Figure 5.3. Despite the negative effects of * p<0.1. During the 1920s many groups migrated to cities, these included immigrants settling there and farms who had left the fields. development control in towns and cities difficult. terms of travel time and distance has to be borne by the urban dwellers. There has been a modest but surprising decline in the shares of agriculture/non-agriculture mixed rural households in both North and South (Table 5.2). Urbanization and its Impact on Ghanas Rural Transformation Even though the changes during urbanization did not come easily due to immense diversity, they still paved the way to modern day America. Ghanas key challenge now Cities, towns etc comes under the urban areas. Ghana map showing the different types of districts. In some countries like Kenya, Ghana, South Africa and Ethiopia, over one third of the heads of households are female. represents such a situation in a particular type of district, where the weighted rural population is less than 100,000 and we therefore did not report the poverty rate. effects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana One significant effects of rapid urbanisation is access to housing or shelter. Ghana has rapidly urbanized in recent decades, through the development of many secondary and small cities as well as through growth of large cities, particularly in the South of the country. urban dwellers to be sustainable, there is the need for proper shelter that meets the standard of lots, etc. policies has brought about changes in the spatial structure of towns and cities in Ghana. Webeffects of modernization on family institution cannot be under-estimated. Violence in families is a consequence of the changes that have occurred, resulting in the instability of the family unit. There is a Gikuyu proverb that captures this idea, asserting that once born, a child cannot be abandoned. ^US^AW{L.zPdJ]yp1.2g|J]Q(>O-Fg\hG8OYO=ZH9u ] A&Xcw kC]7bQay 2J|l``]Mkw0&%c";W?v^[N]FqYqj89JHywR.^2r@d On average, 37.1% of the total is in that sector. Takoradi which are experiencing rapid urbanisation lack adequate housing to accommodate the The limited housing units available for consumption are not affordable to the urban poor. Urbanization in Ghana The process of gentrification tends to take place in inner-city neighborhoods that are located close to central business districts. infrastructure and services. Urbanization has diversified rural livelihood opportunities, leading to significant growth in the share of rural households engaged primarily in the nonfarm economy. effects of urbanisation on urban livelihoods. Ghanas key challenge now is to ensure that urbanization continues to complement growth Urbanization is the name for the movement of people from rural to urban areas, and the resulting growth of cities. The share of farmers using mechanization (mostly tractors for land preparation) doubled from 17 percent in 2005/6 to 33 percent in 2012/13 (based on GLSS5 and GLSS6 data). We were not able to include the mixed households because the sample sizes in the GLSS surveys for this group were too small. Binswanger-Mkhize, H., T. Johnson, P. Samboko, and L. You. It would seem that the growth in nonfarm employment opportunities for rural households has been a step out of poverty for many. Also, it should be a place where people can play, learn, work, and grow in a safe and collaborative manner. The affected urban dwellers resort to the call of National Disaster Overall, the evidence of urbanizations effects on agricultural inputs use in Ghana suggests that intensification is only taking place to a limited extent, even in areas near urban centers. The Industrial Revolution in the 1900s was a time of substantial transformation throughout society. Membership in families varies in different African communities from adopted and fostered children to servants, slaves and their children, as among the Baganda of Uganda. This phenomenon was more prevalent in the relatively less urbanized districts, though its importance fell between 2005/6 and 2012/13 (GSS 2008; 2014not pictured in Figure 5.4). WebPage 4 of 15 co-residence. Africas record of civil war, conflict, and political instability has also to a large extent contributed to migration and the disintegration of the African family. Xinshen Diao, Eduardo Magalhaes and Jed Silver, Ghana's Economic and Agricultural Transformation: Past Performance and Future Prospects, Ghanas Economy-wide Transformation: Past Patterns and Future Prospects, Strong Democracy, Weak State: The Political Economy of Ghanas Stalled Structural Transformation, Agricultures Role in Ghanas Transformation, Ghanas Agricultural Transformation: Past Patterns and Sources of Change, Urbanization and its Impact on Ghanas Rural Transformation, Changing Patterns of Rural Employment and Welfare Outcomes, Urbanization and Agricultural Intensification, Regression Analysis of the Links between Urbanization and Modern Input Adoption, Agricultural Transformation in the Savannah: Perspectives from the Village, Public Expenditure on Agriculture and its Impact. However, there was a reverse trend in the most urbanized districts of the South, where the shares of small farms increased from 77 percent to 90 percent in big city districts and from 52.6 percent to 61.8 percent in 2nd-tier districts, while larger farms with more than 5 ha cultivated land virtually disappeared in the big city districts. International Journal of Sociology of the Family Those norms served as a blueprint for life. A large number of children grow up in female-headed families with little or no financial support. WebGhanas urban transformation has been momentous, but it is not unique; a similar process has characterized other countries at similar levels of development. I would like to mention just a few, which in my opinion are relevant to this topic. Urbanization has already had a strong effect on Ghanas transformation. Traffickers keep victims subservient through physical violence, debt bondage, passport confiscation and threats of violence against their families. It has been argued that the Black family in South Africa has continued to suffer greater disintegration than other families on the continent. Thus, rather than any pattern of induced fertilizer adoption from urbanization, these data suggest that the main drivers of increased fertilizer use may have been a) the need to maintain soil fertility and crop yields in the North as fallow periods were shortened, and b) possibly the introduction the governments fertilizer subsidy policy in 2007/8. Employment in industry varies from 6.1% in less urbanized areas to 26.1% in the most urbanized areas. Families offer many This was offset by some increase in the shares of medium-sized farms (25 ha and 520 ha), while the share of farms larger than 20 ha remained at about 1 percent. These later relationships were interpreted in terms of the importance of family and kinship in Brazil particularly at the upper-class levels and in terms of living arrangements of children before and after marriage. Chapter 6 describes how farmers in the savanna and transition zones are cropping larger areas and using mechanization to reduce labor requirements in the face of increasing wages. One cause of overpopulation is the many people illegally immigrating to America. space economies they serve but increasingly the importance of some of them extends to the TRANSITION IN GHANA: URBANIZATION, URBANIZATION, THE EXTENDED FAMILY, AND Ghana has rapidly urbanized in recent years and more than half the total population now lives in urban areas. To answer these questions the analysis goes beyond the usual agroecological breakdown (Chapter 4) and uses a spatial typology of rural areas based on work by Berdegue et al. Unlike other studies, we focus on employment at the household rather than individual level in order to distinguish between changing employment patterns that involve entire households shifting sectors, and farm household diversification that involves employment of members in multiple sectors including agriculture. Therefore, it is imperative for urban dwellers to travel to the city centres to access certain basic Annual growth rate in the population between census years, and urban population share in census years, 19602010. Changes in family structures reflect the enduring tensions between traditional, Christian/religious and modern values and structures. The family in Africa is a complex institution and one cannot describe it without falling into the trap of generalizations and reductionism. Over the past 160 years the population of people living in rural areas, defined as areas with a population density below 400 people per square kilometre, has steadily declined. The Family in Africa overconcentration of growth and development in a few cities; weak urban economy; land-use So many things good and bad happened with urbanization. been the dramatic demographic shift from rural areas to the cities. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. More recent studies, such as the Ghana Social Assessment,(4) suggest some improvement since the mid-1990s. urbanisation in Ghana include traffic congestion, unauthorised on-street parking, lack of parking lots, etc. Justice is XAsiYvPeI{[nPuraXi:" E9z The dominant feature of African families is the ability to make new things out of the old and to draw forth new solutions from the traditional resources of family institutions. There has been substantial migration of workers from rural to urban areas, alongside substantial employment growth in the rural nonfarm economy, leading to a decline in the share of workers remaining in agriculture (Figure 5.2). We classify rural households into three types based on members reported primary occupations in the census or GLSS data: (1) agricultural households that have members whose primary employment is in agriculture and that have no family members primarily engaged in non-agriculturecalled agriculture-only households; (2) nonagricultural households that have members whose primary employment is in non-agriculture and having no members whose primary employment is in agriculturecalled non-agriculture-only households; and (3) households that have members with primary employment in both agriculture and non-agriculturecalled mixed households. In the documentary The ten Town That Changed America Geoffrey Baer illustrates the evolution of ten popular cities of the 21st century America. Still, only 45 percent of farmers were using either organic or inorganic fertilizer in 2012/13 (GLSS6), and the share of farmers using fertilizer was nearly twice as high in the less-urbanized North than in the more-urbanized South (Table 5.6), which can be explained by problems with declining soil fertility in the North (Chapters 4 and 6) rather than urbanization. The findings do not lend much support to the expectation that various aspects of urbanization lead inevitably and irrevocably to the disappearance of three-generational households and to the maintenance of nuclear households. residents per month (UN Habitat 2008, p.5). It is an inter-sectoral phenomenon involving all aspects Big city districts are those that contain parts of Accra and Kumasi, and hence are only in the South, 2nd-tier city districts are those with cities of between 100,000 and 500,000 people, which are located in both the North and South, 3rd-tier city districts are those with cities containing between 40,000 and 100,000 people, and non-city districts are those with no settlement of over 40,000 people. United Services value added in the most urbanized areas is 51.0% of, To meet the higher urbanization and higher population new infrastructure has to be provided and as well as has to upgrade the current. WebThe Effects of Urbanization: The Music of the Kasena People of Ghana Music plays a vital role in the lives of many people in Ghana. Urbanization is a process that has occurred, or is occurring, in nearly every part of the world that humans have inhabited. Looking at the changes between 2005/6 and 2012/13, the biggest decline in the North was in the rural districts without cities, where it fell proportionally more among nonagricultural than agricultural households. Moreover, the majority of the total population lives in districts with cities of at least 40,000 people in both regions; 40 percent of the rural population also lives in such districts. The cross Table 5.4 confirms a widely held view that the rural poverty rate is much higher in the North than in the South; in fact the poverty rate was nearly twice as high in the North as in the South in in 2012/13 (54.4 percent compared to 28.9 percent). According to the documentary, these planners had passion and great insights for urban development, although driven by different inspirations and motivations. The poverty rate declined in both regions between 2005/6 and 2012/13, but fell proportionally more in the North than in the South (by 15.3 percent and 9.1 percent, respectively). But what defines an urban area and what makes it so attractive? Effects of Urbanization on Access to Livelihood s]`&8RJ8$ %:8FD07a~+|qsTA}1@y-9o"'kl=u6l8iVyNr [?A6ak`CT0R^hMZ WebThe size of the urban settlements has increased, thereby putting pressure on the local resources and influencing other relationships. Planning Department. It was through parents, grandparents and other members that one learned about religious and spiritual heritage. The induced innovation hypothesis predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices, both in terms of land-use patterns and the choice of technologies. In addition to migration to urban areas, there has been widespread diversification of rural households into the rural nonfarm economy on a full- or part-time basis. 8e^o\^CB7.89u*.j`w~m>`;94d7mwhF] 0ypY K,,}f1~I&f1@ ;_'~cQq_W`IW%O8qr ON z @} {x`"wh H+(Ii hayuh]l@?Lq vfL3H!* 'C*Sac cities. Pingali, Prabhu, Yves Bigot, and Hans P. Binswanger. WHO Expert Committee on housing to be provided. First, are patterns of rural employment in Ghana changing with urbanization and are those changes related in any systematic way with proximity to urban centers of different sizes? Our discrete-time event-history analysis shows that urban women exhibit fertility rates that are, on average, 11% lower than those of rural women, but the effects vary by parity. They sought to address the physical. It has also contributed to an increase in the share of small, part-time farms in urbanized areas, and a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the North. Most of this %PDF-1.7 The extended family was and is also a means of mutual support. Accra. Urbanisation in Resilient and competitive urban areas depend on rapid, reliable and efficient transportation The urbanization of America has changed so many cities and city life. EFFECTS OF MODERNISATION ON THE SOCIO-CULTURAL MAJOR TRENDS AFFECTING FAMILIES IN SUB Note: the households that did not report any primary job are not reported in the table; therefore, the sum of the three groups does not equal 100. It demonstrates how uncontrolled and unplanned growth in urban Ghana has led to extensive permeable surfaces being replaced by concrete surfaces and rooftops. Similar The concept of gentrification began in the 1960s with the movement of private-market investment capital into downtown business districts of major urban centers or inner-cities. urban dwellers are jeopardized. the effects of urbanisation on urban livelihoods in Ghana. and communication strategy; inadequate urban investment and financing; weak urban Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. By far the largest share of nonagricultural employment in the rural areas is in informal activities, and this is true for all district groups in both census years. According to him, urbanization occurred mainly because of rural-urban migration and not the other factors that people believe.