(PDF) Review of 'The Bantu Languages, second edition' & 2006). Phonological development of first language isiXhosa-speaking children aged 3;0-6;0 years: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Diemer & Harare: University of Zimbabwe. Phonological theories, phonetic theories, and hypotheses about patterns of sound change can be tested in this real-world laboratory, ensuring the popularity of Bantu languages as subjects of research for years to come. Manuel, S. Y. 13: 3972. Traill, A. Ndinga-Koumba-Binza, H. S. 1989: 54). T. N. , San Diego: Academic Press. (2016) Sentence Intonation in Tswana (Sotho-Tswana group). 88: 12861298. (2016) Chimiini Intonation. ), Turbulent Sounds: An Interdisciplinary Guide, 245279. C. Bantu orthographies usually do not indicate these alternations, unless subsequent developments have created a contrast between, say, /b/ and //, or /b/ and //. 46(2): 255274. The Bantu languages are polysyllabic, employ class prefixes, use tone for grammati- cal rather than semantic distinctions, place the genitive after the governing noun, etc. (2009) Preliminary Impressions from the Sociolinguistic Survey of the Jar Dialects. ), Handbook of Click Languages. The phonetic shapes of tone sequences can usually be modeled on the basis of the position and height of local H targets, with the Low tones treated as automatically filled valleys between these points. Volume 4: A Catalogue of Common Bantu with Commentary. & Journal of African Languages and Linguistics The two vocoid approximants /j/ and /w/ occur in many languages, often alternating with high vowels /i u/. Another language with a vowel length contrast, Vili H12, lengthens vowels before liquids (in the environment /C_L/) and before nasals /C_N/ (Roux & Ndinga-Koumba-Binza 2011), but not before NC (Ndinga-Koumba-Binza 2011). M. (2001) Shekgalagari Stop Consonants: A Phonetic and Phonological Study. (1999) Phnomnes de contact entre les langues minyanka et bambara (Sud du Mali). Coupez (2015) An Acoustic Study of Luganda Liquid Allophones. 4: 109132. Sells The Bantu peoples, or Bantu, are an ethnolinguistic grouping of approximately 400 distinct ethnic groups who speak Bantu languages, consisting of some 600 languages with varied mutual intelligibility.The languages are native to 24 countries spread over a vast area from Central Africa to Southeast Africa and into Southern Africa. The positions of vowels in an acoustic space are often shown by plotting values of the first two formants. For the purposes of this volume, originally published in 1954, two southern zones of Bantu have been included - south of the Zambesi and east of the Kalahari. Hualde Front closure durations are shown as heavily stippled bars. & F. Omissions? 3: 79121. 55: 119148. & There are several ways of indicating the same click following IPA principles, e.g., /, , / are equivalent ways of representing a voiced (post-)alveolar click. 46(2): 219228. Bantu - McGill University African Studies Mbalangwe K401 has clicks, but whether it is a sociolect of Subiya K42 (Maho 1998: 51) or of Yeyi (Baumbach 1997: 307) is unclear. (2000) A Course in Phonetics, 4th edition. Most strikingly, the high vowels /i u/ are placed lower than the mid vowels /e o/. Yeyi R41 has eight different accompaniments (Fulop et al. Figure 3.3 M. , In Downstep affects the second of two adjacent High tones in Tswana S31 (Zerbian & Kgler 2015) and Bemba M42 (Kula & Hamann 2016). & In Mpiemo A86c, implosives have a slight rise in F0 before the onset of a following vowel while voiced plosives have a sharp dip in F0 (Nagano-Madsen & Thornell 2012). Myers, S. Wright, R. Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press, 1948. A. Ziervogel, D. D. (1994) Nasales et nasalisation en ggwl, langue bantu du Congo. Bennett, W. G. (1959) A Grammar of Northern Transvaal Ndebele. 1989, Sitoe 1996), but their functional load in these lects is not well known. Figure 3.13 2(1): 5172. Tlale Roux, J. C. Hajek Nabirye, M. (1987), we understand true depression to consist of a special laryngeal posture consistent with very low pitch co-produced with the consonant it is associated with. S. 54: 471486. Next, the closure at the front and/or side of the mouth is released (timestep 4) and the abrupt equalisation of air pressures inside and outside the mouth results in a sharp acoustic transient. (2004) The Chimwiini Lexicon Exemplified. & These people spoke Western Bantu languages and shared a The verb also carries the subject and object prefixes. B. T. J. , Languages without tone do occur, e.g., Swahili G42, Mwiini G412, Nyakyusa M31, as do ones with more than two level tones, e.g., Kamba E55 and Oku (Grassfields Bantu) (Downing 2010, Hyman 2014). P. (1980) The Depression Feature in Nguni Languages and Its Interaction with Tone. Barbosa Bantu languages, a group of some 500 languages belonging to the Bantoid subgroup of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. B. A monumental four-volume classification of Bantu languages, Comparative Bantu (196771), which was written by Malcolm Guthrie, has become the standard reference book used by most scholarsincluding those who disagree with Guthries proposed classification, which sets up a basic western and eastern division in Bantu languages with a further 13 subdivisions. Scott Rialland, A. The fragment marked B has voiceless oral airflow, with resonances similar to those of the following /a/ vowel. IPA (1999) Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. , Brenzinger, M. 123). Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Means of Fwe vowel formants are shown in in Leiden: Leiden University, PhD dissertation. However, breathiness is not an invariable accompaniment of depression as had been proposed by Rycroft (1980). ), Handbook of Click Languages. Idiatov Paper presented at West African Phonology Group, London, 28th April, 2011. Braver, A. Lee, S. J. R. Miscellanea Phonetica Segebarth Ndinga-Koumba-Binza Demolin, D. Gick Bresch P. and Maputo: Instituto Nacional do Desenvolvimento de Educao. 17(2): 6581. & , (1954) The Southern Bantu Languages. Mongo-Nkundu C61 has reduction of final lowering, while Zulu S42 and Southern Sotho S33 cancel penultimate lengthening in question prosody. Vowel length contrasts occur in some Bantu languages, which may or may not be accompanied by changes in vowel quality and/or various processes of vowel lengthening (cf. Bako (2015) Illustrations of the IPA: Bemba. London; New York: Routledge. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa (Available online at. In Manyo K332, clicks are mostly dental, however, with a broad individual variation (Mhlig 1997). Traill, A. Hombert Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. A rapid reduction in the number of click contrasts occurred more than 100 years ago in the far-flung varieties of Nguni known as Ngoni N12 (Elmslie 1891, Spiss 1904, Doke 1954); Ngoni speakers subsequently shifted from Nguni to languages of the Manda N10 group (Maho 2003). Clicks are marginal in Tswana S31 and Kgalagari S311, with the possible exception of the Shetjhauba variety of Kgalagari (Tlale 2005, Lukusa and Monaka 2008). Hinnebusch , (2013), Proctor et al. In It is accompanied by a separate map in which the Bantu languages are numbered in accordance with the system described in the fourth section. a thorough treatment of both the syntactic and semantic characteristics of the external and internal arguments. She reports that the labial closure is formed first. Figure 3.18 Hendrikse Final lowering is fairly common across Bantu, but is not attested in Basaa A43a (Downing & Rialland 2016b). , The distances along the axes are scaled to reflect auditory/perceptual intervals; F2 is plotted using a logarithmic scale. (ed. Downing, L. J. ), The Khoesan Languages, 435444. 27(3/4): 8396. (2000) An Explanation of Bantu Vowel Height Harmony in Terms of a Pre-Bantu Nasalized Vowel Lowering. Elderkin Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 2016) and Fwe K402 (Gunnink 2016). , Rather, what is critical is that the larynx is lowering during their production, so that the size of the supralaryngeal cavity is being enlarged while the oral closure is maintained. , Figure 3.33 (eds. PDF Gender, Number and Person in Bantu Languages Though cross-linguistically rare, clicks are used by millions of people speaking various Bantu languages. However, the original notion of a depressor consonant is quite different from this expanded use. (eds.) Each zone . shows, the shift from sealed to open occurs rapidly and completely, here between the two frames numbered 170 and 180. (1990) Studies in Shona Phonetics: An Analytical Review. The velar release of a Xhosa S41 dental click is shown in Figure 3.23, which has a waveform and spectrogram of the word caca // be clear. The first unaspirated dental click has a velar burst 17 ms after the anterior click burst. Myers, S. K. C. Fehn 2002, Bostoen 2008). Dotted vertical lines separate the major phonetic components of the first syllable. ), Tabasaranskie Etjudy, 616. Figure 3.25 In the rest of this section, three of the particular issues of phonetic interest are discussed: the dental/alveolar place contrast, the possible occurrence of articulatorily complex consonants, and the nature of the so-called whistling fricatives. Longer sections of the chapter will be devoted to aspects of laryngeal action in consonants, to the description of clicks and their distribution in Bantu, and to some of the interesting aspects of nasality which occur in these languages. Figure 3.28 2016). Speakers wear a thin custom-made acrylic insert moulded to the shape of their upper teeth and hard palate in which a number of electrodes are embedded which sense contact between the tongue and the roof of the mouth. Bantu - languagesgulper.com Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. ), Advances in African Linguistics, 265280. , 60(4): 231260. Haacke, W. H. G. The Impact of Bantu Languages on English Pronunciation Paulo Hadi E. Manuel University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, United States Bantu languages are dialects spoken in the central and southern Africa. She shows that voiceless palatal and velar stops tend to have longer VOT measurements than bilabial, dental or uvular stops (Monaka 2005). In You can find out more in our Privacy Policy. (2016) Aspects of the Intonational Phonology of Bs. Lee-Kim, S.-I. Maho, J. ), Selected Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 119129. & In addition, many have only H and L in their outputs, e.g. In Tswana S31, declarative sentences are primarily marked by penultimate lengthening and a reduced or devoiced final vowel (Zerbian 2016). van der Hulst, H. G. L. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Figures 3.143.16 Ebobiss Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies (2008) Click Cavity Formation and Dissolution in IsiXhosa: Viewing Clicks with High-Speed Ultrasound. Twelve Bantu languages are spoken by more than five million people, including Rundi, Rwanda, Shona, Xhosa, and Zulu. Riad, T. On this basis these particular vowels would not quite justify being considered high, but they are clearly markedly higher than those of Xhosa S41. Jouannet, F. (2002) describe it as an unreleased voiced palatal implosive [] before a voiceless stop or affricate, e.g., in [paka] moth. MRI scans indicate that this segment is appropriately viewed as a hyperarticulation of the vowel /i/. Lovestrand, J. In the Tswa-Ronga S50 group, clicks have been reported to occur in Tswa S51, Tsonga S53, Konde S54, Nkuna S53D and Ronga S54 (Passy 1914, Persson 1932, Doke 1954, Baumbach 1974, Afido et al. (2015) Downstep in Tswana (Southern Bantu). M.-L. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Informa UK Limited, an Informa Group Company Home | About RHO | Collections & Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. High tone is generally the phonologically marked tone, with Low tone being unmarked (Stevick 1969, Downing 2011) (see also Chapter 5). Premire Partie: Grammaires Soubiya et Louyi. 2017: 20, Gunnink forthcoming), and may have even been lost where they were once attested. E. D. 20(2): 3336. In Pater Figure 3.20 Washington, DC: Linguistic Society of America. Kisseberth, C. W. , A small quantity of air is entrapped inside the sealed oral cavity. & Bradfield, J. 2014, Braver 2017). Phonetic studies of labial consonants include the study of plain and prenasalised bilabial trills / m/ in Medumba, a Narrow Grassfields language, by Olson and Meynadier (2015). Bantu is a general term for over 400 different ethnic groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa, united by a common language family (the Bantu languages) and in many cases common customs..