The Mantuanos, who did not tolerate the patriots, appointed the Marquis del Toro as commander to confront the Valencian uprising, but on July 15 he was defeated. After Pez is promoted in San Juan de Payara by the Libertador to major general, he fought the Apure campaign together with Bolvar against Morillo's troops that had invaded Apure. Influential factors include the desire for power of the creole social groups that possessed social and economic status but not political, the discontent of the population due to mismanagement and the rise of taxes,[2] the introduction of the ideas of Encyclopedism, the Enlightenment, the Declaration of Independence of the United States, the French Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the reign of Joseph I of Spain. Then, Francisco de Miranda, at the age of 61, was named Commander in Chief of the Army and left with his troops for Valencia on the 19th. Jos Antonio Pez meets with Simn Bolvar, who came from Angostura to the south of the Orinoco to join the army of Apure in the campaign against Gurico. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/venezuelas-declaration-of-independence-2136398. It proclaimed that all Spanish persons who did not actively participate in favor of independence would be killed, and that all Americans would be pardoned, even if they cooperated (passively) with the Spanish. He had outsmarted the Spanish during the Admirable Campaign, but he had not defeated them, and there were still large Spanish and royalist armies in Venezuela. Venezuela effectively achieved its independence from Spain by 1819 as part of the Republic of Colombia, and the United States recognized the Colombian federation in 1822. At its sessions they discussed economics, politics, civil, religious and military matters. Jos Flix Ribas, a wealthy young patriot, rode through Caracas, exhorting Creole leaders to come to the meeting taking place in the council chambers. The Republic of Gran Colombia, with its capital at Bogot, was proclaimed on December 17, 1819, with Bolvar as president. General Pez returned in 1861 to restore Conservative hegemony for two years, but in 1863 final victory went to the Liberals, led by the generals Juan Falcn and Antonio Guzmn Blanco. A new constitution in 1872 proclaimed representative government, suffrage for all males, and direct election of the president. The Conjuracin de los Mantuanos was a movement that broke out in Caracas in 1808. After New Granada was liberated and the Republic of Colombia was created, Bolvar signs with the Spanish general Pablo Morillo, on 26 November 1820, an Armistice,[19] as well as a Treaty of Regularization of the War. At theBattle of Boyacaon August 7, Bolvar scored a decisive victory, crushing the Spanish army. Colonel Atanasio Girardot joined Simn Bolvar in the so-called Admirable Campaign of the Libertador and fought gallantly at the head of several battalions that managed to occupy the cities of Trujillo and Mrida. During the royalist attack, Francisco Toms Morales took possession of the sugar mill while one of his columnsgoing down the Los Cucharos rowtook the "high house". On August 30, 1821, Gran Colombia, a conglomerate of recently freed countries formerly part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada (including modern-day Colombia and Venezuela . The "War to the Death" was practiced by both sides. The campaign was a great success for the republicans under the command of Manuel Piar with which they managed after several battles to expel all the royalists from the region with which they were left in power of a region rich in natural resources and communication facilities that served as a base to launch campaigns to other regions of the country.[16]. The exile passed without news of her mother and her husband. The importance of the documents drafted by Antonio Jos de Sucre, in what meant his first diplomatic action, was the temporary paralyzation of the fights between the patriots and the royalists, and the end of the War to the Death initiated in 1813. Venezuela was under the control of the patriots in the middle of 1813, except for the provinces of Guayana and Maracaibo. Modern Flag of Venezuela Recognition From Caracas, he sent lieutenant colonels Toms Montilla to the plains of Calabozo that were threatened by Boves and Vicente Campo Elas to pacify Valles del Tuy, where a rebellion had broken out. [17] The Congress brought together representatives from Venezuela, New Granada (now Colombia) and Quito (now Ecuador). The independence movement A group of Venezuelan Creoles boldly proclaimed their country an independent republic in 1797. Armed only with spears they attacked the battalion Numanciaone of the best Spanish battalionsand managed to disorganize their cadres, forcing them to retreat.[13]. [1], Last edited on 20 February 2023, at 01:42, Learn how and when to remove this template message, museo de la Casa de las Primeras Letras Simn Rodrguez, Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America, "Agregan la firma de Chvez al acta de Independencia de 1811", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuelan_Declaration_of_Independence&oldid=1140431474, This page was last edited on 20 February 2023, at 01:42. The Battle of Carabobo was a combat between the armies of the Great Colombia led by Simn Bolvar and that of the Kingdom of Spain led by marshal Miguel de la Torre and it occurred on June 24, 1821, in the Sabana de Carabobo. That day is celebrated in Venezuela as its national day. 5, 2023, thoughtco.com/venezuelas-declaration-of-independence-2136398. Favorable pronouncements were given in Cuman and Barcelona on April 27, Margarita on May 4, Barinas on May 5, Mrida on September 16, and Trujillo on October 9. He made a daring move: hecrossed the frosty Andeswith his army, losing half of it in the process, and arrived in New Granada (Colombia) in July of 1819. In early 1819, Bolvar was cornered in western Venezuela with his army. Luisa remains seated night and day without moving so as not to attract the attention of the guard. The son of a . Lynch, John. It usually covers the years 1808-1830, and it is much related to events in Europe and in other regions of South America, especially Peru and the area of the Ro de la Plata. Pablo Morillo tells in his memoirs that when he arrived in Spain, after the embrace with Simn Bolvar and the signing of the Armistice Treaty of Santa Ana, the King of Spain called him to his presence and said: "Explain to me how it is that you, who triumphed against the French, against the troops of Napoleon Bonaparte, arrive here defeated by savages. Spanish-American War: Causes, Battles & Timeline - History https://www.thoughtco.com/venezuelas-declaration-of-independence-2136398 (accessed May 2, 2023). In September 1815, Arismendi is ordered to be arrested, he escapes and hides with one of his sons in the Montaas de Copey. The purpose of the Armistice Treaty was to suspend hostilities in order to facilitate talks between the two sides, with a view to conclude a definitive peace. The Spanish-American War lasted only six weeks and resulted in a decisive victory for the United States. The anniversary of this declaration is celebrated as Independence Day. Here fought the battalion that in the past day of Barquisimeto was punished by the Libertador, denying him the name and the right to carry the flag. Emparn was stripped of authority and sent back to Spain. A new constitution was enacted in 1864 to incorporate the federalist principles of the victors. As in most parts of the American continent . However, the inequality between social strata continued, although now based on the possession of wealth, rather than ethnicity.[26]. It was written in Cartagena de Indias (Colombia), on December 15, 1812. Venezuelan Patriot Francisco de Miranda, a former general in the French Revolution, led a failed attempt to start a revolution in Venezuela in 1806, but many approved of his actions. The result of the Act of Independence was immediate. The impossibility of establishing a permanent army. The Republican forces marched that day to Aparicin de la Corteza, where Bolvar fixed his provisional headquarters. [20] The Treaty of Armistice was: "Whereby war shall henceforth be waged between Spain and Colombia as it is waged by civilized peoples.". The president and vice-president would be elected by indirect vote, but for purposes of beginning, the congress elected them as follows: President of the Republic: Simn Bolvar and Vice President: Bolvar is given the title of "Libertador" and his portrait will be exhibited in the congressional session hall with the motto "Bolvar, Libertador of the Great Colombia and father of the Homeland". On 5 December, the Republicans marched towards Araure and camped about 1,000 metres (3,300ft) from the town, in front of the royalists, who had deployed at the entrance of the mountain of the Acarigua river; with their wings supported by woods and their front covered by a small lake, their back was protected by a forest, they also had 10 pieces of artillery. On August 26, 1813, Bolvar personally took charge of the siege against the Puerto Cabello square. For those who truly wanted independence, such as young Simn Bolvar, it was a half-victory, but still better than no victory at all. The aim of the document was to change public opinion about the Venezuelan war of liberation, so that instead of being seen as a mere civil war in one of the colonies of Spain, it would be seen as an international war between two countries, Venezuela and Spain. The cavalry covered the 2 flanks of the device. The Spanish-American War (article) | Khan Academy On August 5, the last officer in the service of the King of Spain left Venezuelan territory: the freedom of Venezuela was decided. ThoughtCo. On January 26, 1816, Luisa gave birth to a baby girl who died at birth due to the conditions of childbirth in the dungeon where she was imprisoned. His six-year rule was troubled by continued political turmoil, growing economic difficulties, and the nations first serious diplomatic problema dispute with Great Britain over the boundary between eastern Venezuela and western British Guiana. With this declaration, Venezuela became the first independent republic of Spanish America, and the fire of that declaration, fueled by external conflict, would spread the ideals of independence throughout all of the lands of Latin America. "[7], Francisco de Miranda and other members of the Patriotic Society led a mass of people through the streets and squares of Caracas, acclaiming independence and freedom. It was part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, ruled by a Viceroy in Bogota (present-day Colombia). The Libertador requested help from the neo-Granadian government through the Cartagena Manifesto, which was conceived for the actions he had already carried out in that country. You have taken from the enemy flags that at one time were victorious; the famous invincible call of Numancia has been won."[14]. The three remaining provinces (Maracaibo Province, Coro Province and Guayana Province) did not take part in the Venezuelan congress opted to stay under Spanish rule. He subdued ambitious provincial caudillos and ruled in cooperation with the large landholders and leading merchants of the Conservative Party. The result of the Act of Independence was immediate. [5] On March 5, 1811, the Supreme Junta of Caracas ceased its functions.[4]. This Treaty was signed for six months and obliged both armies to remain in the positions they occupied at the time of its signing. The royalist troops were numerically superior to the patriot troops. The incorporation of the Generalissimo Francisco de Miranda and the young Simn Bolvar, gave the society a revolutionary character. Cause and effect of Venezuela winning formal independence in 1821 - Brainly What was the effect of Venezuela declaring independence from Spain? He held the town of Coro for about two weeks before Spanish forces drove him out. Venezuela was a leader in Latin America's Independence movement. Revolutionary leaders recalled him to Gran Colombia four years later to take charge of a ruling junta, which drafted a constitution and established an independent nation. Ribas had 2,000 men for this enterprise, led by Jos Tadeo Monagas, Pedro Zaraza, Manuel Cedeo, Francisco Parejo and others. Although elected president as a Conservative in 1846, he soon gravitated toward the Liberals. who was the dictator of Venezuela after declaring independence in 1811. In addition, he abolished ecclesiastical privileges, cut off state subsidies to the Roman Catholic church, proclaimed religious liberty, legalized civil marriage, and also confiscated church properties, exiled the archbishop, and closed the convents. He departed for Europe in 1877, leaving a puppet successor in charge, but when the opposition rebelled, he returned to crush it and resumed the presidency in 1878. Bolvar had formed the Republic of Gran Colombia, which included present-day Venezuela, Colombia,Ecuador, and Panama. In Bolvar's advance towards Caracas, Girardot was in charge of the rearguard from Apure, until reaching him near the city of Naguanagua, next to the hill of Brbula, where they were to confront the royalist army commanded by Domingo Monteverde. The city erupted into chaos once more. The Supreme Junta of Caracas sought the adhesion of the other provinces of the Captaincy General of Venezuela to the movement. As president in 186468, Falcn appeared content to allow subordinates, many of them irresponsible, to rule at both the state and national levels. Russian warplanes visit . On September 16, enemy reinforcements arrived, so Bolvar decided to retreat to the town of Naguanagua. On January 8, 1813, he occupied the city of Ocaathe second in importance in Norte de Santander, after Ccutaafter having left the free passage in the Magdalena Medio, thus obtaining the navigation between Bogot and Cartagena. After the end of the Admirable Campaign, the republicans were campaigning against the royalists in central western Venezuela. In 2 hours of fierce combat the action was decided, which opened the way to negotiations with Captain General Francisco Toms Morales; the following August 3, he was forced to surrender the rest of the royalist fleet, the square of Maracaibo, the San Carlos Castle, the San Felipe Castle in Puerto Cabello, as well as all the other sites occupied by the Spanish officers. He withdraws to Puerto Cabello, where his soldiers depose him from command. Bolvar executed a "diversion" along the coast of Pritu with the purpose of diverting the attention of the royalists towards Caracas while the planned concentration was being developed, but the defeat suffered in Clarines on January 9, 1817, leaves this diversion without effect, for which Bolvar returns to Barcelona. Chile's Independence Day: September 18, 1810, Biography of Francisco de Miranda, Venezuelan Leader, How Latin America Gained Independence from Spain, The Complete Story of Venezuela's Revolution for Independence, The "Cry of Dolores" and Mexican Independence, Biography of Simon Bolivar, 'Liberator of South America', Biography of Jos Francisco de San Martn, Latin American Liberator, Biography of Ignacio Allende, Champion of Mexican Independence, Queen Isabella II of Spain Was a Controversial Ruler, attempt to start a revolution in Venezuela in 1806. Caracas, predictably, exploded: people took to the streets declaring loyalty to Ferdinand. He established a nationwide system of public primary education and promoted state support for secondary and higher education. New Granada had been relatively untouched by the war, so Bolvar was able to quickly recruit a new army from willing volunteers. In January of 1809, a representative of the Joseph Bonaparte government arrived in Caracas and demanded that taxes continue to be paid and that the colony recognize Joseph as their monarch. The Liberal leaders thereupon joined the Conservative opposition, and in March 1858 they brought the Monagas dynasty to an end. [7], The deputies agreed to call the new republic as Confederacin Americana de Venezuela and appointed a commission to decide on the flag and the drafting of a constitution. When Pez rebelled in 1848, Monagas defeated him and forced him into exile. Meanwhile, Bolivar deployed his divisions in battle to resume the attack. (in Eng: "Our weapons, forever triumphant, humbled the fierce Spaniard, from the bugle to the martial voices that heard in its mountains the land of the sun. Some claim that the independence was an eminently political revolution, since many of its main promoters were from the local aristocracy, who would not be interested in radically changing the existing conditions of social inequality, so as not to jeopardize the hegemony to which they aspired. Although the invasion was a fiasco, he had proven to many that independence was not an impossible dream. When Boves realized that his column had been enveloped, he left his center precipitously and perished in the clash. Bolvar, a wealthy Creole landowner born in Caracas in 1783, had many reverses in his war against the Spanish. [7] It was approved by the deputies on July 7.[7]. On April 19, 1810, Venezuelan Creole patriots held a meeting in Caracas where they declared a provisional independence: they would rule themselves until such time as the Spanish monarchy was restored. Before long, Bolvar had driven the Spanish out of the region and amassed a large army, Impressed, the civilian leaders in Cartagena gave him permission to liberate western Venezuela. His forces were opposed by large royalist armies including a cavalry unit of llaneros (cowboys of the Llanos frontier), who were under the command of Jos Toms Boves. (2020, August 27). Bolivar and other generals such as Santiago Mario andManuel Piarfought them bravely, but in theend,the royalists were too much for them. The rest of the royalist forcescenter and leftcharged against the republican line and enveloped it, and thus obtained the victory, the casualties were numerous in both sides. Seven of the ten provinces belonging to the Captaincy General of Venezuela declared their independence and explained their reasons for this action, among them, that it was baneful that a small European nation ruled the great expanses of the New World, that Spanish America recovered its right to self-government after the abdications of Charles IV This initial success of the patriots allowed Ribas to place his men in line of battle and with them he charged against the royalists, who responded with intense artillery fire. A ruling junta was proclaimed and Juan de Las Casas, the Captain-General of Venezuela, was deposed. The first republic corresponds to the period between April 19, 1810, and July 30, 1812, when the Supreme Junta of Caracas peacefully replaces the Spanish authorities.[3]. What was the effect of Venezuela's independence from Spain? The last of the royalist forces surrendered at Puerto Cabello on October 9, 1823. Among its members were Jos Flix Ribas, Francisco Jos Ribas, Antonio Muoz Tbar, Vicente Salias, and Miguel Jos Sanz. When the USS Maine sank, the United States believed the tragedy was the result of Spanish sabotage and declared war on Spain. The park was not captured by that column because it was prevented by its custodian, Captain Antonio Ricaurte, who upon seeing royalist troops in a position to capture that deposit set fire to the gunpowder and blew it up on March 25, 1814, with which he and those who were inside the enclosure perished. That day is celebrated in Venezuela as its national day. These principles were enshrined as a constitutional principle for the new nation and were radically opposed to the political, cultural, and social practices that had existed during three hundred years of colonization. The decisions initially taken were the following: On December 17, 1819, the union of Venezuela and New Granada was declared and the Repblica de Colombia was born. Minster, Christopher. He is a former head writer at VIVA Travel Guides. Venezuela's Revolution for Independence from Spain - ThoughtCo After this ratification, Bolvar's expeditionary forces pass to Carpano where they finally disembark and proclaim the abolition of slavery and then continue to Ocumare de la Costa where they disembark and reach Maracay but must retreat, harassed by Morales leaving part of the park on the beach and half of his soldiers who under McGregor undertake the retreat by land through the Valles de Aragua del Este, known as the Retirada de los Seiscientos ("Retreat of the Six Hundred"). New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962. What was the effect of Venezuela declaring independence from Spain [4] The Provinces of Coro and Maracaibo remained loyal to the Council of Regency.[4]. Pez dominated Venezuelan politics until 1848, both as president (183135 and 183943) and as a major political player. On December 21, 1811, the Congress approved the Federal Constitution of the States of Venezuela of 1811. This occurred between 1819 and 1830, in which Venezuela, New Granada and Ecuador were united as a single Republic called Gran Colombia. In the early hours of June 24, from the heights of Buenavista hill, Bolivar made a reconnaissance of the royalist position and concluded that it was impregnable from the front and from the south. During the period from 1814 to 1819, Venezuela was devastated by rovingroyalistand patriot armies that fought one another and occasionally amongst themselves. Bolivar goes to Valencia with Urdaneta's column where he makes a concentration of troops and divides them into 3 columns: the first commanded by Garcia de Serna to Barquisimeto against the Indian Reyes Vargas, the second led by Atanasio Girardot to Puerto Cabello by the road of Aguas Calientes, and the third by Rafael Urdaneta also to Puerto Cabello but by the road of San Esteban. (2023, April 5). On August 30, 1821, Gran Colombia, a conglomerate of recently freed countries . ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/independence-from-spain-in-venezuela-2136397. During all this time she was kept incommunicado and without news of her relatives. Simn Bolivar: His Influence On The Venezuelan Revolution Profound Granadine anxiety over the fate of the empire and conflicting courses of action attempted by colonial and peninsular subjects over control of government during the captivity of the Spanish king Ferdinand VII led to strife in New Granada and to declarations of independence. On the 28th of the same month took place what today is known as the Battle of Ccuta, which gave independence to this city. The elections were held between October and November 1810. This led to fighting and a de facto Civil War in Venezuela. By October of 1812, Bolvar was ready to rejoin the fight. After the fall of the Second Republic, the patriot leaders took refuge in the islands of the Caribbean Sea, especially in Jamaica, Trinidad, Haiti and Curacao. Captain General Pablo Morillo receives instructions from Spain on June 6, 1820, to arbitrate with Simn Bolvar a cessation of hostilities. Those who had taken part in the independence movement and the elderly over 80 years of age were exempted. The expedition of Los Cayos de San Luis or simply Expedition of Los Cayos is the name given to the two invasions that the Libertador Simn Bolvar carried out from Haiti at the end of 1815 during 1816 with the purpose of liberating Venezuela from the Spanish forces.