), Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Step One: To a 4 oz. Traditional use of mosquito-repellent plants in western Kenya and their evaluation in semi-field experimental huts against Anopheles gambiae: ethnobotanical studies and application by thermal expulsion and direct burning. PDF The Repellent and Lethal Effects of Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum), Chilli Thus, protection from mosquito bites is one of the best approaches to reduce the disease incidence. Knowledge of traditional repellent plants is a significant resource for the development of new natural products as an alternative to chemical repellents. 2022 Feb;86(2):299-312. doi: 10.1007/s10493-022-00692-0. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies CDC light traps underestimate the protective efficacy of an indoor Mosquito Repellent Plants: 25 Plants That Repel Mosquitoes Naturally! In the laboratory trial by Amer et al. Exp Appl Acarol. Yogananth N, Anuradha V, Ali MYS, Muthezhilan R, Chanthuru A, Prabu MM. [41] used turmeric essential oil at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% concentrations against An. Oviposition deterrent and skin repellent activities of Artemisia herba alba, Matricharia chamomella and Melia azedarach against Culex quinquefasciatus. bottle, add 2 oz. Studies were included in the present systematic review if they met these criteria: (i) full-text publication was written in English, (ii) inspected the repellency effects of plant extracts and essential oils against malaria vectors, Anopheles spp. Characterization and evaluation of repellent effect of essential oil of Mangifera indica L. from Kenya. The Effectiveness of Botanical Extracts as Repellents Against Aedes The O. onites EO was characterised using GC-FID and GC-MS. Carvacrol (75.70%), linalool (9.0%), p-cymene (4.33%) and thymol (1.9%) were the most abundant compounds. `fjhnf ipprhprmitf tirafts ghr jhetrhk ijtmvmtmfs (Nhsqumth, e.d.). The oregano, Origanum onites L., essential oil (EO) was tested in laboratory behavioural bioassays for repellent activity against Amblyomma americanum (L.) and Aedes aegypti (L.). 2. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Privacy Outcomes measures were percentage repellency and protection time. Moreover, 100l and 0.1ml of citronella grass essential oil showed 2.16 and 0.8h complete protection time against An. In addition, a manual search was conducted to identify further pertinent articles using references from retrieved studies. Repellency effects of essential oils of Myrtle (Myrtus communis), Marigold (Calendula officinalis) compared with DEET against Anopheles stephensi on human volunteers. In 2 studies, repellency effectiveness of rosemary was reported. As expected, it worked like a charm. Effectiveness of Mosquito Killer Out of Oregano Leaves (I-V) The study encourages planting of lemongrass and oregano plants in school and in backyards of every residence, also be used as inputs in the development of mosquito repellent using oregano, lemongrass or combination of said oil extracts as possible business opportunity and results to product development which can be extended to community and 2013;11:374411. In: Foundation Ciba, editor. This review calls for the attention of entomologists and people in the field of mosquito-transmitted diseases for understanding the value and potential position of the plant-derived repellents and their role in disease control. Thymeisone of nine species belonging to T. serpyllum, aperennialaromaticplantoftheMediterranean flora [69]. (Kettle, 1995) In 6 studies, repellency effectiveness of basil against different Anopheles species was investigated. Asian Pac J Trop Med. Oregano's effectiveness - The Effectiveness of Origanum amboinicus Statement of the Problem. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Elliott, C.; Hajslova, J. subpictus for 1, 1, and 1.5h, respectively. Konan Y, Sylla M, Doannio J, Traor S. Comparison of the effect of two excipients (karite nut butter and vaseline) on the efficacy of Cocos nucifera, Elaeis guineensis and Carapa procera oil-based repellents formulations against mosquitoes biting in Ivory Coast. Reviews of Studies and Related Literature Fourth, some studies have shown that formulation play a significant role in the effectiveness of a repellents [88]. Cookies policy. Paraffin wax should be melted until it reaches between 122 and 140F (50 and 60C). 2012;111:175769. Epub 2020 Aug 12. All data were independently extracted by two reviewers and disagreements were solved by discussion, and if necessary, a third author was involved. Investigatory Project (Natural Mosquito Repellent) - StudyMoose Efficacy of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus L.) extract against rice A typical mosquito coil can measure around 15 cm in diameter. Literature Review Of Literature On Mosquito Control | ipl.org Statement of Goals and Objectives. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The results of this study showed that some plants essential oils and extracts have significant repellent activity against Anopheles spp. [6], with complete protection time for 8h, had a good effectiveness in preventing against An. The boiling water will slowly melt the wax. Crushing the leaves and rubbing them over the hands reduced bites to 12, but crushed lemon thyme, which contains more citronella, reduced bites to 6.5 on average.. Larvicidal and repellent activity of the essential oil from Atalantia monophylla on three mosquito vectors of public health importance, with limited impact on non-target zebra fish. Parasitol Res. 2011;4:10611. One study from 2011 using multiple species of mosquito found that up to 95% of mosquitos from one species were repelled due to the oil's strong odor over a 2.5 hour period (2). PubMed Combined effect of seaweed (Sargassum wightii) and Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis on the coastal mosquito, Anopheles sundaicus. minimus for 0.83h. Similarly, Sritabutra et al. Phytother Res. [41] used E. globulus essential oil at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% concentrations against An. 2012;49:86. Careers. Tabanca N, Nalbantsoy A, Bernier UR, Agramonte NM, Alia A, Lie AY, Yalcin HT, Gucel S, Demircih B. Nat Prod Commun. [42] used basil essential oil at 0.02, 0.10, and 0.21mg/cm2 concentrations against An. 2007;24:715. stephensi. Thus, plants with potential repellency properties should be tested for their possible unpleasant side effects before introducing as alternative products. 12 Plants That Repel Unwanted Insects (Including Mosquitoes) - Treehugger In this study, we evaluated the phenotypes of 12 oregano genotypes and generated F1 progenies by hybridization. For citronella, as one of the most explored plant for repellency effect against various mosquitoes, it is reported that active compounds in citronella extract for repelling mosquitoes are eugenol, eucalyptol, camphor, linalool, citral, and citronellal [81]. This has been shown to help make you a . This study attempts to ascertain the degree of repellency of the said indigenous plants against Aedes aegypti and to use it as . While, in another study [45], it repelled An. The study should provide the answers to the following questions; 1.) A literature review. stephensi for 7.5h, had a good effectiveness in preventing Anopheles mosquitoes. [65]. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. In: Debboun M, Frances SP, Strickman D, editors. Acar , Kesbi OS, Ylmaz S, Gltepe N, Trker A. As eloquently stated on the study of Bouhid (2009) oregano contains an essential compound called carvacrol, which has antimicrobial properties. Review of Literature. gambiae [54]. The leaves of oregano are heart-shaped, with toothed edges, and which, grow for up to 9 meters in length. Tavassoli et al. Efficacy of organic insecticides and repellents against brown marmorated stink bug in vegetables. Oil of Oregano as a Mosquito Repellent - YouTube Article 2011;1:S1248. 2011 Dec;36(2):258-68. doi: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2011.00166.x. An insect repellent is a substance applied to skin, clothing, or other surfaces which discourages insects (and arthropods in general) from landing or climbing on that surface. Indian J Pharmacol. Insect odorant receptors are molecular targets of the insect repellent. These natural compounds have made it possible to use oregano as an insect repellent. Our Lady of Fatima University Show all 5 authors Abstract It is an experimentation of making a scented candle to repel mosquito that carries dengue virus. Step Four: Fill the rest of the bottle with distilled water, leaving enough space at the top to shake the mixture. Google Scholar. Broward County officials asked residents with "breathing difficulties" to "remain indoors" in areas where a mosquito control program team was aerial spraying an insecticide on Monday morning. However, studies have focused more on the search for active compounds than on optimal formulations [8, 29]. 2010;106:121723. Despite decades of malaria control efforts, malaria continues to be a major worldwide public health issue with 3.3 billion persons at risk in 106 countries and territories in the tropical and subtropical areas [2]. [54], no remarkable repellency effect against An. 1989;34:7796. Since 1998 patents on EO-containing mosquito repellent inventions have almost doubled . Place the wax chunks or shavings in the smaller pot or pan. (Family: Caesalpinaceae) against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles stephensi. 2008;319:183842. J Vector Borne Dis. Kumar KP, Murugan K, Kovendan K, Kumar AN, Hwang J-S, Barnard DR. Arboviruses and parasites are transmitted to humans from arthropods, and mosquitoes are the most common arthropods associated with dengue, malaria, and yellow fever. In 3 studies, repellency effectiveness of turmeric was examined. Canadian Vet J. 2008;14(29):3106-19. doi: 10.2174/138161208786404227. CAS lemongrass oil extracts are more effective repellents than candles with only oregano or lemongrass oil. This review intends to analyze the distinctive fabric utilized for mosquito repellent studies and forms of treatment mosquito agents on the fabrics. Pennyroyal is another fabulous natural bug and mosquito repellent that can be planted in your home garden or placed indoors into vases. Lemongrass is a natural repellent for mosquitoes as it contains a scent that mosquitoes hate. Citronellais an essential oil extracted from the stems and leaves of different species of lemongrass (Cymbopogon spp.) 2014;26:30510. To be able to test the efficacy of mint, calamansi and chili as a repellent. Imagine a natural mosquito repellant without using strong DEET's and other pesticides . This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. Maheswaran R, Ignacimuthu S. Bioefficacy of essential oil from Polygonum hydropiper L. against mosquitoes, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. 2018;101:197201. Cite this article. J Parasitol Res. PubMed 2019, 276, 726-734. . 2010;41:831. Anopheles dirus was repelled by clove for 1h in laboratory conditions in Thailand [47]. Younoussa L, Nukenine EN, Danga SPY, Esimone CO. Repellent activity of the creams formulated from Annona senegalensis and Boswellia dalzielii leaf fractions and essential oils against Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). 2013;97:2631. VITJS4 crude extract against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Enormous efforts have been made to develop . 2016;115:99106. Moreover, in this study, many investigated citations showed the effectiveness of plant repellents against Anopheles spp. 2015;5(suppl 1):S6772. The study by Sritabutra et al. How to Make Oregano Oil. Haldar KM, Ghosh P, Chandra G. Larvicidal, adulticidal, repellency and smoke toxic efficacy of Ficus krishnae against Anopheles stephensi Liston and Culex vishnui group mosquitoes. The repellency effect of Neem against different species of Anopheles was investigated in 2 studies. 2009;9:26458. Rlythjlfnmjiks h`timefd grhn tlf wlhkf pkiet hr spfjmgmj pirt hg tlf pkiet `y tlf. research-paper.docx - USING OREGANO ORIGANUM VULGARE J Food Agric Environ. Many studies have reported evidence of repellant activities of plant extracts or essential oils against malaria vectors around the world. The reported case-fatality rate was 0.02%. J Herb Spice Med Plants. A total of 62 trials met the inclusion criteria. At a concentration of 0.413 mg oil/cm2 of filter paper, O. onites EO repelled 100% of the ticks tested and at 0.103 mg oil/cm2 of filter paper, 66.7% of the ticks were repelled. 2019 Dec 3;24(23):4421. doi: 10.3390/molecules24234421. witch hazel. Phasomkusolsil S, Soonwera M. Comparative mosquito repellency of essential oils against Aedes aegypti (Linn. How to Make Homemade Bug Spray Repellent. PubMed J Agric Biol Sci. 2008;7:152. found that tagetes extract is not affective against An. 2011;1:S1138. 2015;437:2826. Many repellent products pertaining chemical compound like DEET (N,N-Diethyl- meta-toluamide) used as active chemical ingredient . dirus. Natural and Synthetic Repellents for Pest Management of the Storage Mite. The plant is related to the . Asian Pac J Trop Dis. After identifying the eligible studies, the following data were collected from each study by application of standardized data collection form to improve accuracy and critical appraisal: the first author name, country of origin, journal details, publication year, condition of study (field or laboratory), plant name, Anopheles species, concentration or dose of repellents, repellency percentage and complete protection time. Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M, Arivoli S, Tennyson S, Benelli G. Larvicidal and repellent potential of Zingiber nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell (Zingiberaceae) essential oil: an eco-friendly tool against malaria, dengue, and lymphatic filariasis mosquito vectors? Karunamoorthi K, Mulelam A, Wassie F. Laboratory evaluation of traditional insect/mosquito repellent plants against Anopheles arabiensis, the predominant malaria vector in Ethiopia. 3 It's. faa, kirvi, pupi ied idukt. of crushed charcoal, and 6 tsp. [50] also supported that burning of 25 g of dried O. europaea, comparable to Amer et al. In the laboratory trial by Amer et al. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. In: Veer V, Gopalakrishnan R, editors. dirus for 6h. In contrast, in the study by Seyoum et al. National Library of Medicine Miele M, Dondero R, Ciarallo G, Mazzei M. Methyleugenol in Ocimum basilicum L. Cv genovese gigante. The 40% oregano es-sential oil exhibited 100% repellency against bed bug at 3, 5, 9 and 24h after application while the repellency index of DEET 33% was 100% at 3 and 5h and it decreased to 80% and 27% at 9 and 24 hours. [22], C. zeylanicum at 1mg/cm2 showed 1h protection against An. Durrani F, Ismail M, Sultan A, Suhail S, Chand N, Durrani Z. 2010;20:16728. This peculiarity was produced as needed in feeling of assurance from mosquitoes in the regions which . J Commun Dis. It has been identified that chemical repellents are not safe for public health and should be used with caution because of their detrimental impacts on synthetic fabric and plastic as well as toxic reactions, such as allergy, dermatitis, and cardiovascular and neurological side effects, which have been reported generally after misapplication [4]. The IR3535-based repellent protected for an average of 22.9 minutes. Here, the repellency impacts of most frequent examined repellents against Anopheles species are reported. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. In the present systematic review the highest repellency effect against Anopheles mosquitoes was found from L. sinense extract, followed by citronella, pine, D. sissoo, peppermint and R. mucronata oils with complete protection time ranging from 9.1 to 11.5h. Essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, and C. longa also showed good repellency with 8h complete repellency against different species of Anopheles genus. The present study was conducted to determine the mosquito repellent activities of some selected plant materials in order to obtain safe and efficient herbal mosquito repellent formulations by combinations of the selected plant materials. In 2019, of the Americas, a total of 1,191,815 cases of dengue (118.5 cases per 100,000 population) has been reported, of which 546,589 (46%) were laboratory-confirmed and 5,599 (0.47%) were classified as severe dengue. Curr Biol. Yes, onions and garlic always seem to go together. Mosquito-transmitted diseases remain a main source of illness and death [1]. The percentage repellency of citronella in other studies. For this systematic review, all eligible studies on the repellency effects of plant-based repellants against Anopheles spp. Access Suspended. None of the studies reported the inclusion and exclusion criteria explicitly other than specifying a healthy volunteer. of crushed dried oregano, then add the oregano extract and add hot water to make paste like consistency and then mix . Natural Mosquito Repellents - WebMD The objective of the study is to investigate extraction of lemongrass and peanut oils to produce mosquito repellent. Keywords: Barnard et al. ()-linalool; Aedes aegypti; Amblyomma americanum; Origanum onites; carvacrol; natural repellency; terpinolene; thymol; -humulene. I think this is one of the most unique uses of oil of oregano. The search was limited to English publications. Me Arffjf, ie hrfaieh megusmhe ms stmkk. pipiens biotype molestus larvae after 24 h exposure, as. 22. Malar J. Enviro Sci Pollut Res. 2005;10:11908. Olfaction in mosquito-host interactions. [6] and Tawatsin et al. Blowflies play a substantial role as vectors of microorganisms, including human pathogens. An official website of the United States government. [44] found that hairy basil oil provides 100% protection against An. culicifacies and Anopheles subpictus for 11, 9.6 and 7.3h, respectively and the corresponding percentage repellency were 100%, 92.3% and 83.1%. Lemon Grass and Garlic as an Organic Insecticide Research Paper 2019, 34 . stephensi for 8h, had a good effectiveness in preventing An. Krishnappa K, Elumalai K, Dhanasekaran S, Gokulakrishnan J. Larvicidal and repellent properties of Adansonia digitata against medically important human malarial vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). It contains the chemical compound Carroll which acts to peel insect. Parasitol Res. found that Neem extract is not affective against An. PubMed Central dirus for 1.08h. Cinnamomumisa genus in the Laurel family, Lauraceae, several of which are investigated for their antibacterial activity by means of essential oils from bark and leaves [67]. minimus for 2h. Moreover, 20% gel of clove protected against An. The field of herbal repellents is extremely fertile as people demand mosquitoes repellents that are safe, pleasant to usage and ecologically maintainable. Accessed 28 Mar 2016. 2003;40:100. stephensi. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Study now. Research paper about mosquito repellent candle - Docsity Nevertheless, Seyoum et al. Kongkaew C, Sakunrag I, Chaiyakunapruk N, Tawatsin A. Nhsqumthfs piss tlrhual ghur dmstmejt, stiafs me tlfmr kmgf jyjkf? [44] also reported that citronella could repel Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles dirus for 8 and 6h, respectively. Tasdemir D, Kaiser M, Demirci B, Demirci F, Baser KHC. Many studies have reported evidence of repellant activities of plant extracts or essential oils against malaria vectors worldwide. Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their efficacy, development Disclaimer. To compare chemical composition of the extracts with those of Lemongrass. Possibly, the most important aspect in increasing the permanence of such repellents that are effective but volatile is improving formulations of plant extracts to elevate their longevity through the development of nanoemulsions, improved formulations, and fixatives. In order to create natural mixture this can kill insects. Some data proposes that these agents interfere with olfactory receptors of mosquitoes [82]. 2009;27:2632. The O. onites EO was characterised using GC-FID and GC-MS. Carvacrol (75.70%), linalool (9.0%), p-cymene (4.33%) and thymol (1.9%) were the most abundant compounds. In contrast, Seyoum et al. Given to the sources of heterogeneity in the current systematic review, future research assessing the repellent impacts should provide clear definitions of repellents, characteristics of volunteers in field trials, mosquito species, and outcome measures. Mix it with water or a carrier. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. bites has not yet been completely clarified. Stop mosquitoes from laying eggs in or near water. 2005;42:95. [58] used clove essential oil at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentrations against An. fwere repelled by a candle repellent made of a combination of lemongrass and oregano oil extracts, and. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/71810. Govindarajan M, Sivakumar R. Repellent properties of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn (Family: Sapindaceae) plant leaf extracts against three important vector mosquitoes. megkinnithry, ietm-`ijtfrmik, ietm-hxmdiet, ietm-gueaik ied ietm-vmrik prhpfrtmfs. . The purposes of this study were to (1) control mosquitoes in a cowshed by using a new mosquito trap, called Mos-hole trap, which was developed for mosquito control in human living areas, (2) test out the efficiency of the new method to control mosquitoes in a cowshed and (3) study the attraction of mosquito towards Mos-hole traps at different . 1995;120:53842. This insect repellent is derived from the nepeta cataria plant. LEMONGRASS AS MOSQUITO REPELLENT - Modish Project sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The research subjects was Aedes aegypti obtained by the colony of the mosquitoes which were breeding from larvae to become adult mosquitoes following the natural cycle of mosquitoes. Parasite. The oregano leaves is not effective for repelling mosquitoes. Yeh R-Y, Shiu Y-L, Shei S-C, Cheng S-C, Huang S-Y, Lin J-C, et al. The researcher aims to find an alternative way to prevent diseases caused by insects by employing oregano extract as a natural insect repellant. Accordingly, the idea of using natural mosquito repellent products as an alternative to develop new eco-friendly repellents could be an amicable solution to scale back the undesirable effects on environment and human health. It has a warm and distinct odor of oregano that mosquito hates. Chapter-1 Efficacy of Lemongrass Extract as Insect Repellent Lara M, Gutierrez J, Timon M, Andrs A. 2009;41:28. Following studies were excluded: studies exploring the repellency effect of chemical-based products, studies examining the repellency effect of animal extracts, animal studies (studies not on human subjects), articles without full texts, reviews, duplicate articles, abstracts, republished data, comments, conference papers, editorials, and studies with insufficient data. 2011;88:4818. [27], orange extract at 50, 150 and 250, 350, and 450ppm showed 0, 0.5, 0.5, 1.5 and 2h complete protection time repellency (100%) against An. stephensi for 6.5h, had a good effectiveness in preventing Anopheles mosquitoes. Drosophila TRPA1 channel is required to avoid the naturally occurring insect repellent citronellal. Parasitol Res. Neem isa versatile tree broadly grown in tropical areas of India [76]. Evaluation of hexane extract of tuber of root of Cyperus rotundus Linn (Cyperaceae) for repellency against mosquito vectors. Turn the heat to high so that the water boils. Image Source. Copy. To help reduce the dengue cases, the researcher introduces oregano as component of a product mixture to repel mosquito. 2003;10:1814. The field trial was implemented during the period July 13-August 3 in catch basins, which constitute one of their most common breeding sites and therefore are regularly submitted to larval control. Parasitol Res. (PDF) Studies on Mosquito Repellent Activity of Cymbopogon Citratus Parasitol Res. Another study [45] reported that clove repels An. Plant Health Instructor. Chinese, Japanese and Korean language patents and those of India (in English) accounted for roughly 3/4 of all patents. The density of leaf glandular secretory trichomes and the essential oil yield in the 12 . Google Scholar. Ghr nhst pfhpkf me tlf Vemtfd Ztitfs ied Furhpf, nhsqumthfs kfivf heky mtjly, rfd `unps. [42] also found that orange at 0.02, 0.10, and 0.21mg/cm2, with a dose-dependent trend, has 44%, 54%, and 84% repellency against An. J Essent Oil Bearing Plants. In 2 studies, repellency effectiveness of tagetes was explored. Oregano, a member of Lamiaceae family of plants has been known to be a natural insecticide by preventing egg laying and larval development. Google Scholar. 2015;114:453143. Utilization of Indigenous Plants as Mosquito Repellent J Genetic. arabiensis. 3. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci. FOIA It can also be used to explore the potential of oregano as a natural food preservative and flavor enhancer. 2014;21:21929. A recent study revealed that An. Oregano Extract As Mosquito-Repellant by Erica Caitlin Carpio - Prezi Third, it should be highlighted that some plant compounds are irritating to the skin and/or highly toxic to mammals, and natural does not equate to safe. Effectiveness of oregano, citrus, chili in insecticide Research Paper Shake to cover all the leaves well with oil. Effective insect repellents can protect you from serious mosquito- and tick-borne diseases. PubMed In recent years, interest in plant-based repellents has been revived, as they contain a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals that are safe and biodegradable into non-toxic by-products, which could be screened for insecticidal activities and mosquito repellent. Lemongrass is also used as a Mosquito . 2016;23:2322838. Methods of imparting mosquito repellent agents and the assessing Does the Mosquito Plant "Citrosa" work? - MosquitoReviews Karunamoorthi K, Ilango K, Murugan K. Laboratory evaluation of traditionally used plant-based insect repellent against the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae).
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