73 anti-tank grenade used in the attack had been modified to contain the toxin. -Germans remaining in Poland in October 1946 were 1,750,000, but by 1950 the number had been reduced to 1,100,000 because of expulsions after October 1946. Overall Mller-Hillebrand estimated the total dead and missing at 4.0 million men. The Russian military historian G. I. Krivosheev has published figures for the casualties on all fronts compiled by the German High Command up until April30 1945 based on captured German records in the Soviet Archives. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1996. by tigre 10 Apr 2008, 03:30, Post The exiled government of Czechoslovakia under President Edvard Bene was under pressure from British intelligence, as there had been very little visible resistance since the occupation of the Sudeten regions of the country in 1938. The organisation was founded on 16 December 1919 to look after the World War I soldiers' graves. D-DAY COMMANDERS: CHARLES H. GERHARDT Flamboyant commanding officer of the Twenty-ninth Infantry Division, which attacked Omaha Beach on D-Day. [78], In October 2011, a memorial plaque was unveiled on residential block Porchester Gate (London), which housed the Czechoslovak military intelligence service and where the Operation Anthropoid was planned in October 1941.[79][80]. [47][39], The evidence cited to support the theory includes the modifications made to the No. There are 473 Medal of Honor recipients from the war. [39][49], The botulinum toxin theory has not found widespread acceptance among scholars. He believes that personnel captured on the battlefield may have died of wounds or in transit before being recorded as POW. German General Officer casualties in WW II. - Axis History Forum [11] As well as terrorizing the opposition and establishing the Theresienstadt ghetto/concentration camp, Heydrich had overseen a progressive policy of good wages (equivalent to those in Germany) for industrial workers and farmers, which had a pacifying effect (acts of sabotage dropped by three-quarters in six months) and helped cooperative production of war materials. Archiv konen vydal dkaz", "Nov tajemstv mue, kter zabil Reinharda Heydricha", "The Puzzling Death of Reinhard Heydrich", http://aktualne.centrum.cz/domaci/spolecnost/clanek.phtml?id=746282, "List of people executed in Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp", "Radio Prague Heroes or Cowards? Highest rank officer by B5N2KATE 19 Apr 2008, 16:38, Return to German Strategy & General German Military Discussion. Statistics for German World War II military casualties are divergent. PART I LAND Section A, ENEMY OPERATIONS. -Killed in 1945 land battles- This is a rough estimate made in 1956 for Germany in current post war borders, not including the former German territories in post war Poland. -Other, misc. Bevlkerungsbilanzen fr die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50. [48] Based on his research, Rdiger Overmans believes that the deaths of 459,000 dead POWs can be confirmed in the files of Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt)(including 363,000 in the USSR). WebVietnam (killed only) 10.9. [4], According to the records of the western Allies 2.8 million German soldiers surrendered on the Western Front between D-day and the end of April 1945; 1.3 million between D-day and March 31, 1945,;[50] and 1.5 million of them in the month of April. As Gabk took the opportunity to run, Klein returned from his fruitless chase of Kubi to help his wounded superior. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. to which the paratroopers fired back and shouted: "Jsme ei! Losses Reported by OKW September1 1939 April30 1945 (For all branches of service), Source: Mller-Hillebrand Das Heer 19331945 Vol 3. This category has the following 6 subcategories, out of 6 total. German In the spring of 1945, as Russian tanks steamrolled towards Berlin, high-ranking Nazi officials began to weigh up their options. [42], Heydrich's condition appeared to be improving, until while sitting up eating a noon meal on 3 June, he suddenly collapsed and went into shock. As Klein came towards him, Kubi recovered, jumped on his bicycle and pedaled away, scattering passengers spilling from the tram by firing in the air with his Colt M1903 pistol. According to Overmans there are no reliable figures to breakout the national origin for the figure of 900,000 men of German ancestry conscripted into the Waffen-SS[39] Overmans maintains that records of the Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) surveyed only persons of German ancestry "deutsche nach Abstammung"[39] However Polish sources maintain that during the war the Germans forcibly conscripted ethnic Poles into the German military. Certainly a top Nazi anyways. [55][56], Nazi intelligence falsely linked Heydrich's assassins to the village of Lidice. Right: US Army soldiers and Keegan, John, Second World War, Penguin Books , 1990, Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder, Transaction Publishers, 1992 Table A. Hermann Kinder, Werner Hilgemann & Ernest A. Menze, Ishikida, Miki (2005). -Population May 1939 Census- These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders, they do not include Austria or the ethnic Germans of East Europe. According to Krivosheev "The figures in the Wehrmacht documents relating to Germany's war losses are therefore contradictory and unreliable. [116][117], In 1951, Gregory Frumkin, who was throughout its existence the editor of the Statistical Year Book of the League of Nations, provided an assessment of German military losses based on a demographic analysis of the European population from 1939 to 1947. [66] The SS report about the fight mentioned five wounded SS soldiers. [62] Ata was executed by the Nazis in Mauthausen on 24 October 1942, the same day as his father, his fiance, her mother, and her brother.[63]. [55] The number of prisoners taken in the west in March and April was over 1,800,000,[56] more than double the 800,000 German soldiers who surrendered to the Russians in the last three or four months of the war. (figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare), The breakdown of Japanese military deaths, based on the Relief Bureau's figures, is available on the. It is now known that they did not survive the war, Rdiger Overmans believes that more than likely they died in Soviet custody. Overy maintains that the German estimates are based on incorrect speculations for losses during the final months of the war when there was a gap in the record keeping system. In the post-war era the military search service Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) has been responsible for providing information for the families of those military personnel who were killed or went missing in the war. Instead of landing inside the Mercedes, it landed against the rear wheel. p. 30. Militrgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, United States Strategic Bombing Survey,Civilian Defense Division final report. [51] From early March these surrenders seriously weakened the Wehrmacht in the West, and made further surrenders more likely, thus having a snowballing effect. The authors maintain that the German figures for 1940 through 1943 of 111,000 killed was generally correct and that their estimate of 311,000 dead for the years 1944 and 1945 was based on the tons of bombs dropped and the population size of the cities bombed. [19] (Since German reunification, the records in the former GDR (East Germany) have become available to the WASt). The case of Ernst Rhm, the highest-ranking gay Nazi, presents an interesting study in the construction and containment of masculinity by the right. The highest ranking officer I know to have been killed in action during the war would be British Secretary of State for War Field Marshal Herbert Horatio Kitchener, who was aboard the cruiser Hampshire on a diplomatic mission to Arkhangelsk, Russia, when it struck a mine laid by German submarine U-75 (Curt Beitzen, captain) and sunk Percy Ernst Schramm was responsible for maintaining the official OKW diary during the war. (German government Statistical Office). -Net immigration-German refugees were ethnic Germans of Eastern Europe who lived outside Germany in 1937 borders before the war. [162] There are those like Heinz Nawratil who try to equate the expulsions from Eastern Europe with the Holocaust. [23] Professor Vojtch Mastn argues that he "clung to the scheme as the last resort to dramatize Czech resistance". A. OKW figures from 9/1/1939 to 12/31/1944, Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch fr die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, Page78, B. Later, it underwent significant reconstruction and the extended exposition was reopened in 2010. [34] Gabk fled into a butcher shop, where the owner, a man named Brauer, who was a Nazi sympathizer and had a brother who worked for the Gestapo, ignored Gabk's request for help. Since the collapse of communism previously classified documentation regarding German military casualties became available to German researchers. Gabk and Kubi waited at the tram stop at the junction between the road then known as Kirchmayerova tda, and V Holeovikch, in Prague 8-Libe near Bulovka Hospital. Published: July 30, 2019. They maintain that the figure is correct because it includes additional deaths from malnutrition and disease of those civilians subject to the expulsions. [165] The Federation of Expellees initiated the formation of the Center Against Expulsions. [58][59], In the days following the Lidice massacre, no leads were found for those responsible for Heydrich's death. [136], The Soviets set up NKVD special camps in the Soviet-occupied parts of Germany and areas east of the Oder-Neisse line to intern Germans accused of alleged ties to the Nazis, or because they were hindering the establishment of Stalinism in East Germany. Universe, Inc. (July 13, 2005). Comrades, surrender! WebI start with World War II because more (individual) records are available and I assume people are more interested in it. What He's Infamous For: The worlds most wanted Nazi, Eichmann was the architect of Heydrich was thought to be scheduled to transfer to occupied northern France and Belgium, with the intent to implement similar policies there. The following schedules summarize the OKW figures published in the post-war era. Official statistics published by the West German government 1956 put the death toll due to air raids at 635,000. [4] [21] Upon learning of the nature of the mission, resistance leaders begged the Czechoslovak government-in-exile to call off the attack, saying that "[a]n attempt against Heydrich's life would be of no use to the Allies and its consequences for our people would be immeasurable". Bacque's book received wide attention when it was first published in 1989, since then his claims have been challenged by historians who have found his thesis to be unsubstantiated. Post WebThere are no reliable figures for the casualties of the Soviet Union and China, the two countries in which casualties were undoubtedly greatest. The assailants initially hid with two Prague families and later took refuge in the Cathedral of Sts Cyril and Methodius (until 1935 the Karel Boromejsky Church)[60] a cathedral of the Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church in Prague. Source of figures Deutsche militrische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg page 286, Source:Rdiger Overmans Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. [44], One of the theories was that some of the horsehair in the upholstery of Heydrich's car was forced into his body by the blast of the grenade, causing a systemic infection. [2] Heydrich was wounded in the attack[3] and died of his wounds on 4 June 1942.[4]. The results of the Overmans research project were published with the endorsement of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office of the Federal Ministry of Defense (Germany).[25]. A 2005 report by the German Red Cross put the death toll due to strategic bombing at 500,000. [61], urda betrayed several safe houses provided by the Jindra group, including that of the Moravec family in ikov. During the cold war in West Germany there were claims that one million German prisoners of war were held in secret by the USSR. 2-These statistics include casualties of the volunteer forces from the Soviet Union. Page 202", "George C Marshall, Biennial reports of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army to the Secretary of War: 1 July 1939-30 June 1945. To further compound this problem, some 93 of these officers were not in Based on his research Overmans believes that the total of 459,000 dead POWs listed in the files of. WebOn September 29-30, 1941, SS and German police units and their auxiliaries, under the jurisdiction of Einsatzgruppe C, murdered the Jewish population of Kiev at Babi Yar, a Like 2 Comments. Maurice Rose: The Highest Ranking US Officer Killed By the Enemy Note: This category is intended solely for those members of the German armed forces killed as a result of their military service and not those executed during internal purges, or those who died in Allied custody post-war. Monthly Field Army (Feldheer) casualties September 1939 to November 1944, Notes: Figures include Waffen SS, Austrians and conscripted ethnic Germans. [41] Despite the fever, his recovery appeared to progress well. MacDonald, C (1993), The Last Offensive: The European Theater of Operations.CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY UNITED STATES ARMY WASHINGTON, D. C., 1993. WebMaurice Rose: The Highest Ranking US Officer Killed By the Enemy In Europe During WWII. Currently, the commission runs an online database in which soldiers' family can search for the missing relatives. The following is a list of the movies dealing with Operation Anthropoid or portraying the assassination as a crucial moment of the film's plot: There are two Czech songs about operation Anthropoid. [166] The former President of Germany Joachim Gauck and the former German chancellor Angela Merkel have voiced support for the Center Against Expulsions. Figures for missing include POW held by Allies. Casualties of German citizens during World War II, Records of German military search service, Wartime statistics compiled by German High Command (OKW), Comparison of figures at 12/31/1944 of Overmans and German High Command, German casualties in English language sources, United States Army figures for German and Italian losses, The United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Civilians killed in 1945 military campaign, Deaths due to Nazi political, racial and religious persecution, NKVD special camps in East Germany 19451950, Expulsion of Germans after World War II and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union, Population balance for Germany in 1937 borders (not including Austria or the ethnic Germans of East Europe): May 1939 to October 1946, Population balance for the ethnic Germans of Eastern Europe, Rdiger Overmans, Deutsche militrische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. According to Karl Hermann Frank's postwar testimony, Hitler knew Zelewski to be even harsher than Heydrich. [12] Heydrich was chosen over Karl Hermann Frank as an assassination target due to his status as the acting Protector of Bohemia and Moravia as well as his reputation for terrorizing local citizens. highest ranking officer killed [163] The German government currently places the ultimate blame for the mass flight and expulsion on the wartime policy of the Nazis in Eastern Europe. The Hahn's point out that the figure of 473,013 confirmed deaths includes 80,522 in the post war period; they maintain that most of the deaths occurred during the Nazi organized flight and evacuation during the war, and the, In 2006 the German government reaffirmed its belief that 2.0 to 2.5 million civilians perished in the flight and expulsion from Eastern Europe. Heydrich was first placed in the driver's cab, but complained that the truck's movement was causing him pain. Their citations are full of heroics and sacrifice. Based on information available in January 1946, the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. put German military dead at 3,250,000. Professor Hollbaum (a Silesian German who was chairman of surgery at Charles University in Prague) operated on Heydrich with Diek and Slanina's assistance. Ambrose points out that the US and the UK had to cope with a major logistical problem in order to maintain the huge number of surrendered German personnel and finds the claim that Eisenhower and the US military deliberately withheld support for the German POW to be without merit. At 05:00 on 17 June, the Moravec flat was raided. Marshall's figure for the South Pacific is 684,000. [39], The authors of A Higher Form of Killing claim that Heydrich died from botulism (Clostridium botulinum toxin poisoning). The German military system for reporting casualties was based on a numerical reporting of casualties by individual units and a separate listing of the names of individual casualties. English language sources have put the death toll at 2 to 3 million for the flight and expulsion of the Germans. The Czechoslovaks undertook the operation to help confer legitimacy on the government-in-exile, and to exact retribution for Heydrich's brutal rule. Erika Steinbach, the current President of the Federation, provoked outrage when she supported the statements of other members of the expellee organization claiming that Hitler's attack on Poland was a response to Poland's policy. The Japanese Relief Bureau's army dead figure for this battlefront is 435,600. - Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958. The project sought to determine total deaths and their cause, when and in which theatre of war the losses occurred as well as a demographic profile of the men who served in the war. The German historian Rdiger Overmans used the files of WASt) to conduct his research project on German military casualties. Prisoners held during the war are listed in a separate schedule below. (transl. The modification of the weapon could indicate an attached toxic or biological agent. Estimated figures for German World War II casualties are divergent and contradictory. When Overmans conducted his research project during 1992 to 1994 he was an officer in the German Armed Forces. [32], Monthly German military casualties at point of death per Overmans study. With an addition of this estimate of 1944 and 1945 unrecorded deaths, the final estimation gave in round numbers a half a million German civilians killed by Allied aerial attacks"[128], Historian Richard Overy in 2014 published a study of the air war The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940-1945 in which he disputed the official German figures of air war dead. Source of figures-Rdiger Overmans, Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. The decorated serviceman and heroic leader died within months of the wars end. Jan Hrub, who died in the fight with German troops in the crypt of the Church of Saint Cyril and Methodius, Memorial in the crypt of the Church of St. Cyril and St. Methodius, Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}5074N 142751E / 50.11778N 14.46417E / 50.11778; 14.46417 (Assassination location in Prague). [159], In 1958, the West German government statistical office put the losses of the ethnic Germans at 1,318,000 (886,000 civilians in the expulsions and 411,000 in the German military and 22,000 in the Hungarian and Romanian military). After the battle, urda confirmed the identity of the dead Czech resistance fighters, including Kubi and Gabk. See also: German prisoners of war in northwest Europe, German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union and German prisoners of war in the United States, The fates of German prisoners of war have been a concern in post war Germany. In 1992 when Overmans began the project, German military dead in the war listed at the military search service Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) were 4.3 million men (3.1 million confirmed dead and 1.2 missing and presumed dead). [15], Training was supervised by the nominated head of the Czech section, Major Alfgar Hesketh-Prichard, who turned to Cecil Clarke to develop the necessary weapon, light enough to throw but still be lethal to an armour-plated Mercedes. The missing (697,319) does not include confirmed deaths in captivity, however on page 288 Overmans mentions 400,000 missing in the East in 1945 and states that this figure of missing was based on his finding that two thirds of deaths during the "final battles" occurred in the East of Germany. For his actions, Bishop Gorazd was later glorified as a martyr by the Eastern Orthodox Church. [26] Josef Valk (from group Silver A) was positioned about 100 m (109 yards) north of Gabk and Kubi to look out for the approaching car. (B) Includes 3,404,949 disarmed enemy forces. Day Commanders: Onshore Leaders of the Invasion The Japanese Relief Bureau's army dead figure for Sakhalin & Aleutian Islands is 8,200. The alternate history novel The Man with the Iron Heart by Harry Turtledove is based on the premise that Heydrich survived the 1942 assassination attempt, and led a postwar insurgency campaign, using the Werwolf. The last part covers projects and institutions providing e.g. [115]) Marshall's figure for China is much lower than that of the Relief Bureau (126,000 vs. 435,600), but for the theaters where Japanese forces confronted American and British Empire forces the sum of Marshall's figures (1,093,000) is slightly higher than the sum of the Relief Bureau's figures for these theaters (1,020,900). (A parallel Polish summary translation was also included, this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994), Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI-1994. Nineteen employees at Deutsche Dienststelle assisted in the survey. With an introd. Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. information on burial sites and memorials of both wars. Overmans was an associate of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office from 1987 until 2004 and was on the faculty of the University of Freiburg from 1996 to 2001. [129], The West German government in made a rough estimate in 1956 of 20,000 civilians killed during the 1945 military campaign in current post war German borders, not including the former German territories in Poland. (, Rdiger Overmans Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. [40] A 1958 West German estimate put the military war dead of ethnic German(deutschen Bevlkerung) foreign nationals from east-central Europe in the German Armed Forces at 432,000 (Baltic States 15,000, Poland 108,000, Czechoslovakia 180,000, Hungary 32,000, Yugoslavia 40,000 and Romania 35,000)[41], Overmans does not include Russian volunteers in the Wehrmacht in his figures, only persons of German ancestry (Deutsche nach Abstammung). Figures do not include POW deaths of 363,000 in Soviet captivity; these losses were listed separately by Overmans. Nonetheless, the bomb severely wounded Heydrich when it detonated, its fragments ripping through the right rear fender and embedding fragmentation and fibers from the upholstery of the car into Heydrich, causing serious injuries to his left side, with major damage to his diaphragm, spleen, and lung, as well as a fractured rib. On 4 September 1942, the bishop, the church's priests and senior lay leaders were taken to Kobylisy Shooting Range in a northern suburb of Prague and shot. by tigre 10 Feb 2008, 14:16, Post A recent study by German historian Rdiger Overmans found that the German military casualties were 5.3 million, including 900,000 men conscripted from outside of Germany's 1937 borders, in Austria and in east-central Europe, higher than those originally reported by the German high command. He ran out to the street and attracted Klein's attention by shouting and pointing inside the shop. [57] One reason for this huge difference, possibly the most important, was that German forces facing the Red Army tended to fight to the end for fear of Soviet captivity whereas German forces facing the Western Allies tended to surrender without putting up much if any resistance. Nothing will happen to you! Fildes had a reputation for "extravagant boasts" and the grenade modifications could have been aimed at making the 4.4lb (2kg) weapon lighter. ), Indicative of the huge discrepancy are the. WebGreene is the highest-ranking officer to have been killed in either Iraq or Afghanistan. Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius is where the Czechoslovak paratroopers died after being cornered, and the memorial there is for those killed by the SS in retaliation for Operation Anthropoid. Originally, the plane had been planned to land near Pilsen, but the aircrew had navigation problems and each of the groups landed in different places from where intended. The 7 Most Notorious Nazis Who Escaped to South America Recent research on German expulsion losses: Estimated total German population losses (in 1937 German borders) directly related to the war range between 5.5[149] to 6.9 million persons. The research by Overmans concluded in 2000 that the total German military dead and missing were 5,318,000. Accordingly, the number of German killed and wounded was much higher in the East than in the West. -POW still held by Allies- 1,750,000 POW from Germany within in the 1937 borders were still held by the allies in October 1946. [43] After the collapse of communism, data from the Soviet Archives became available concerning the deaths of German POWs in the USSR. WebThe 7 Most Notorious Nazis Who Escaped to South America. [1][2] The German government reported that its records list 4.3 million dead and missing military personnel.
How Did Austin Swift Make His Money, Articles H