greek mythology betrayal greek mythology betrayal

It is a brave, powerful story about survival and resilience, which in no way shies away from the horrors of war and the cruelty women suffered at the hands of their enslavers. This short read is a compassionate yet haunting version of events that highlights the formerly neglected perspectives of Penelope and her 12 maids. Chrysippus was slotted to be a competitor, but instead, Laius kidnapped and raped him. 29 Apr 2023 11:58:26 He appeared to humans to carry them off to the underworld when the time allotted to them by the Fates had expired. Top 10 novels inspired by Greek myths | Fiction | The Guardian It's a breach of trust that can shatter even the strongest of bonds. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The most applicable section to the idea would have to be Book IV, where the story begins with Queen Dido, after her husband, Sychaeus, dies after a fateful blow dealt by the Queens own brother. One of the most well-known myths from Ancient Greek culture is the myth surrounding the Trojan War, which is based on a betrayal of the laws of hospitality. His body was placed on a pyre on Mount Oeta (Modern Greek Oti), his mortal part was consumed, and his divine part ascended to heaven, becoming a god. Leonidas asks him to support his brethren by bringing the wounded water and clearing the dead from the battleground. Wronged, furious and highly volatile, Medea is eventually driven to killing her own children. Throughout Sauls Journey in the novel Indian Horse he learns about trust by experiencing it as reality then as an illusion and finally as a choice he must make. Its a twisty tale, with lots of red herrings to keep you guessing, that is also a clever tribute to Greek tragedy. Mythology Themes | GradeSaver Also a satyr (half man, half-goat). This Greek mythology encyclopedia is an all-encompassing reference guide to 700 major and minor characters of the Greek myths. Sisyphus | Encyclopedia.com 131A-Greek Mythology: Sudden but Inevitable Betrayal #mythsAndLegends https://podcastaddict.com/episode/121338399 via @PodcastAddict. In Search of Myths & Heroes . Jason & the Argonauts | PBS 15 Powerful Symbols of Betrayal and What They Mean The Greek myth of Jason and the Golden Fleece is one of the oldest myths of a hero's quest. The patron god of the silver-swirling Achelous River. Later, her gender is changed by the goddess Isis, allowing them to marry. 6 An Orchestra of Minorities by Chigozie Obioma Another reinterpretation of the Odyssey. "The Silence of the Girls" by Pat Barker, available on Amazon and Bookshop, from $13.90. Nevertheless, he argues Ephialtes was the one who revealed this trail because "the deputies of the Greeks, the Pylagorae, who must have had the best means for ascertaining the truth, did not offer the reward on the heads of Onetas and Corydallus, but for that of Ephialtes."[6]. Then she began to afflict him, and his strength left him. As not only is rape considered betraying ones own kind, but to rape someone that you know and have at least some type of relation with, is an advanced form of betrayal. Then appeared Gaea, or mother earth, personified as the solid foundation of the world. Here are 10 books about betrayal in its many different guises: I could have picked any of Greenes novels: if there was ever a master of betrayal fiction, it was Greene. ( Public Domain ). Frank Miller's 1998 comic book miniseries 300, the 2006 film adaptation of the same name, and the 2014 sequel, portray Ephialtes (played in the films by Andrew Tiernan) as a severely deformed Spartan exile whose parents fled Sparta to protect him from the infanticide he would have surely suffered as a disfigured infant. After the betrayal of Ephialtes, the name "Ephialtes" received a lasting stigma; it came to mean "nightmare" in the Greek language and to symbolize the archetypal traitor in Greek culture,[7] similar to Judas in Christian culture and to Benedict Arnold in the American historical memory. Pandora, in her fear, quickly shut the box, but she closed it before one last creature could escape, Hope. An epic work in its own right, the novel is divided into episodes that roughly correspond to those in the original poem. Oedipus was the son of Laius and Jocasta, the king and queen of Thebes. Medea and Jason and the Golden Fleece are two well known Greek stories. But then, they were only human. She was known as the niece of Circe and granddaughter of the sun god Helios. But sometimes, words are not enough to describe the pain and devastation of betrayal. Helen Hamilton has spent much of her life on Nantucket trying to hide her unique strength and intelligence until a new family moves to the island. Homer related that Oedipus's wife and mother hanged herself when the truth of their relationship became known, though Oedipus apparently continued to rule at Thebes until his death. As a consequence for their actions, both Atreus and Thyestes were banished by their father , along with their mother. The concept of trust is an idea everyone toys with in their lives at one point. But this trust can also be broken by its opposite of betrayal. However, according to Hellanikos and Thucydides, Chrysippus was killed because his half-brothers were jealous. It begins . It was a way of living, says Alex, who stole the Vander identity as a young man in order to escape deportation by the Nazis. When Theseus, the Prince of Athens, comes to Crete to kill the Minotaur, Ariadne can't help but fall in love with him and finds herself torn between her lover and her family. With each main character and storyline inspired by a different Greek myth, "Olympus, Texas" brings Greek mythology to the Briscoe family's tense dynamic as March returns home two years after he was caught having an affair with his brother's wife. She claims not to remember anything of her conversations with the Stasi agents. Facts and Myths of Gaia, the Greek Goddess of the Earth Edith Hamilton's "Mythology" is a classic collection of Greek myths that combines beautiful graphics and illustrations with easy-to-follow explanations, a favorite since its publication in 1942. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Unable to plan for the future, he instead only cared about the past. But as he grows older, he realises that it is himself that he has betrayed; that repression of self is a form of duplicity. With it came the beginning of civilization. It is a tale of Prometheus, the son of a titan, who was punished for helping mankind. Guardian god of the ancient city Lamark, where wounded heroes could find comfort and heal after battle. In Greek mythology, Dolos or Dolus ( Ancient Greek: "Deception") is the spirit of trickery. Hi! The concept of betrayal is nothing new for ancient Greek mythology. Samson devised a plan to be caught by the Philistines, and once he was surrounded he grabbed the jaw bone from a donkey and killed 1000 Philistines. Drawing on surviving fragments of the lyric poet Stesichoruss work Geryoneis, this is a moving coming-of-age tale about love and yearning which is whimsical, sad, and a fascinating take on a character overlooked in favour of the larger-than-life man who slayed him. Referred to as The North Wind. All rights reserved. Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. A god who filled the gap between Heaven and Earth and created the first beings Gaia, Tartarus, Uranus, Nyx and Erebus. But retellings come in many forms and guises. In both, Although he knew what was his mission, Samson did not seem to cooperate with God in fulfilling it. First published in 1955, Robert Graves' "The Greek Myths" has stood as a literary reference guide to Greek mythology. Its a small book at only 176 pages but it is vibrant, joyful, funny and poetic. Corrections? Mary Shelley famously incorporated the theme of Prometheus into Frankenstein, and CS Lewis drew on Ovids Metamorphoses in his 1956 novel Till We Have Faces. People trust one another because they teach one another or they love one another. A Visual Tour (Video). (modern). His Roman equivalent is Mendacius. I think that Romeo and Juliet trusted each other enough, The Weapon Of Betrayal In Greek Mythology, Weapon of Betrayal Trust is one of the most important values in life. 10 Ariadne by Jennifer Saint This story of Ariadne, princess of Crete and daughter of King Minos, reimagines the classic tale of Theseus and the Minotaur. Prometheus was overcome with sadness for his creations, whom were living painfully and harshly. These poems are personal, full of sorrow and memories of sex, love, and everyday life and deceit. That forgery, that product of subterfuge, thus acquired the name of Mendacium [Pseudologos, Falsehood], and I readily agree with people who say that she has no feet: every once in a while something that is false can start off successfully, but with time Veritas (Truth) is sure to prevail.[6]. As the gods watch from above, the dogs struggle with their new complex understanding of themselves and the world, torn between the new and the old ways of thinking. AtAncient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. The first betrayal in his life came at the hands of his tutor Theban Laius, who was the boy's escort to the Nemean Games. Eventually she opened the box to see what was inside. Although this gap between the Trachinian Cliffs and the Malian Gulf was only "wide enough for a single carriage",[3] it could be bypassed by a trail that led over the mountains south of Thermopylae and joined the main road behind the Greek position. "Lore Olympus" by Rachel Smythe, available on Amazon and Bookshop, from $11.40. "The Song of Achilles" is a magical and emotional book about the friendship between Achilles, a Greek warrior, and Patroclus, a young and awkward prince. Referred to as The East Wind. In this, his finaland most mature and masterfulnovel, Lewis reminds us of our own fallibility and the role of a . "A Thousand Ships" is a collection of womens' stories that offers a refreshing perspective of an ancient tale. [3], Their [Aether and Hemera's] brothers and sisters, whom the ancient genealogists name Amor/ Eros (Love), Dolus (Guile), Metus/ Deimos (Fear), Labor/ Ponus (Toil), Invidentia/ Nemesis (Envy), Fatum/ Moros (Fate), Senectus/ Geras (Old Age), Mors/ Thanatos (Death), Tenebrae/ Keres (Darkness), Miseria/ Oizys (Misery), Querella/ Momus (Complaint), Gratia/ Philotes (Favour), Fraus/ Apate (Fraud), Pertinacia (Obstinacy), the Parcae/ Moirai (Fates), the Hesperides, the Somnia/ Oneiroi (Dreams): all of these are fabled to be the children of Erebus (Darkness) and Nox/ Nyx (Night).[4]. Monuments on Mars Advoided By Space Explorations, Biblical Connections to Familiar Phrases and Sayings I, The 19th Century Spiritualist Movement Then and Now, Vedic Astrology: Mercury, Saturn and Mars. Medea, however, revolves solely around the transformation of Medeas character based on Jasons actions to be with another woman. Although he is brave and his spear thrust more than adequate, he cannot raise his arm so he cannot be part of the phalanx, a vital part of the Spartan battle formation. 13th Century Magical Merlin Manuscript Shares Original Legend, Eight of the Most Powerful Mythical Objects in History. Dolos became known for his skill when he attempted to make a fraudulent copy statue of Aletheia (Veritas), in order to trick people into thinking they were seeing the real statue. p. 4. Greenes affair with Lady Catherine Walston, Buy it from the Guardian bookshop for 7.19. In other versions it is a vulture, not an eagle, that feasts on Prometheus liver. But rather than going down Medeas route of destruction, Olds treats her former husband quite tenderly and eventually comes to cherish her new freedom. [citation needed] His female counterpart is Apate, who is the goddess of fraud and deception. Email us at reviews@insider.com. Thanatos was the son of Nyx, the goddess of night, and the brother of Hypnos, the god of sleep. She waited until the hero had fallen asleep with his tutor and took a knife that belonged to Laius to complete the deed. When you buy through our . "The Odyssey" is an ancient Greek poem about Odysseus' 10-year journey home after the Trojan War. Since the early days of civilisation, the Greek people have shared these sweeping tales of triumph and tragedy, love and loss, jealousy and joy - and usually a lot of gore. Having completed the Labours, Heracles undertook further enterprises, including warlike campaigns. The Primordial Titan of Astronomy. By examining text from both Argonautica and Euripides Medea, different characteristics and personality traits of Medea can be revealed, ranging from an innocent maiden to an evil superhuman. It is a thought-provoking and challenging tale exploring themes of love and sacrifice, vulnerability and misfortune, and the unyielding power of fate. On the other hand, Epimetheus was rash and impulsive. Samsons trust was shattered into pieces by his own love, Delilah. Atreus continues to appear in ancient Greek myths, especially when it involves his cursed bloodline, which is often referred to as the House of Atreus. In Oedipus Rex, as Oedipus murders his own father it parallels Assef raping Hassan, as Assef knew Hassan before. He then fled to Thessaly; the Amphictyons at Pylae had offered a reward for his death. Eliza Raine has written several Greek mythology-inspired fantasy romances but her latest, "Secret of the Broken King," is a slow-burn, enemies-to-lovers romance about Almi, Poseidon's secret bride who has been exiled to the human world. They fled to Mycenae where Hippodamia took her own life. This shows that the ancient Greeks not only created glorious stories but also tragedies laden with pain and despair. Another account states that Hippodamia killed Chrysippus on behalf of her sons Atreus and Thyestes. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 5 Fascinating Greek Myths and Their Meanings - Culture Trip These classic, timeless stories have been crafted into a concise, intriguing, and very readable romp through the human . They are transformative tales which explore the full range of human experience so it is hardly surprising that writers continually turn to them for inspiration. Omissions? Most people are familiar with the creation of Adam and Eve in the Book of Genesis. The story of Prometheus, Epimetheus and Pandora is a popular myth of ancient Greece - one that has been told and retold throughout the ages. Prometheus - World History Encyclopedia When I hear the word trust I think of friends. A minor god of vegetation, fruits of the earth and rebirth. The Story of Oedipus: The Most Tragic of All Greek Myths They named her Pandora and she was commanded to marry Prometheuss brother Epimetheus. 50 Of The Best Greek Mythology Books For Adults, Teens, And Kids From a lump of clay, Hephaestus created the form of a woman. Carefully organized to lead readers through the complex histories of Greek myths, Robert Graves' poetic voice shines through and makes this collection a beautiful retelling of the major Greek myths. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. Had it not been for that betrayal, Sisyphus would never have faced the wrath of the gods. In this retelling of the Greek myth of Theseus and the Minotaur, Ariadne is a princess of Crete whose brother is the Minotaur a monster with the body of a man and the head of a bull. Greek myths are a beautiful form of ancient storytelling that transcend generations. In Greek mythology, Gaia was the first deity from whom all others sprang. The original creator of man, he sought to help us live well, while he heroically suffered the consequences. Known as The South Wind. A Visual Tour (Video), Behind the Scenes of Ancient Greece: Exploring the Daily Life of its People (Video), Trove of Ancient Artifacts Discovered in Paestum Include Dolphin Statuette of Eros, TheiaGreek Goddess of Light, the Sun, the Moon, and Wisdom, Greeces East Attica In Antiquity: Playground Of Gods, Heroes And Heroines, A Face to the Legend: The Quest to Reconstruct Cleopatra's Look (Video), Aspasia - The Real-Life Helen of Troy? For instance, in Romeo and Juliet, Friar Laurence kept Romeo and Juliets trust by not telling anyone about their marriage. Hamilton, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis of the major Greek myths and Western mythology. Innocence of betrayal does not even occur within the third characters story, Amir. As he slept Delilah cut his hair and the Philistines captured Samson, now he was only a man. Online version at the Topos Text Project. There he was reconciled to Hera and married Hebe. Betrayal seeps through literature like a dark stain; betrayal of love and friendship, of a vision or an illusion; betrayal of others and of ones own nature and ambitions. When Alex Vander, the singularly repulsive protagonist of Shroud, receives a letter from the young woman Cass Cleave, he fears that she aims to betray him. The mythological character was the king of Thebes and lived under the shadow of a curse that could not be avoided to the end of his days. Francis Dymoke, a 67-year-old farmer from eastern England, will play a ceremonial role in the upcoming coronation of King Charles III, and carry forward an ancient royal tradition while at it. It is part of the human condition and although often seen as showing weakness of character, the kind of fanatic strength derived from love, or blind faith, may also lead to betrayal. This list includes classic tales and legend-inspired new releases. God of nature, the wild, shepherds, flocks, goats, mountain wilds, and is often associated with sexuality. In Italy he was worshipped as a god of merchants and traders, although others also prayed to him for his characteristic gifts of good luck or rescue from danger. Son of Apollo. "The Iliad" by Homer, available on Amazon and Bookshop, from $12.99. There are even some stories of Dolos tricking gods into lies. In anger, Ephialtes swears to prove his parents and Leonidas wrong as he betrays them by revealing to Xerxes a hidden route that the Persian army could use to outflank the Greek defenders. Loved for its carefully woven plot and engrossing characters, this novel takes off when, within days of March's return, someone is dead, rivalries roar, and secrets are revealed that threaten the family ties with a destructive and powerful force. God of agriculture, leader and the youngest of the first generation of Titans and father of the Titans. Orual, Till We Have Faces is a brilliant examination of envy, betrayal, loss, blame, grief, guilt, and conversion. Olds sometimes talks about the poets spectrum of loyalty and betrayal, where loyalty is total silence, refraining from telling the truth, and betrayal is full exposure of the personal lives of friends, family and self. Black-winged daimons that personified dreams. 3 Ulysses by James JoyceHomers epic poem the Odyssey is reimagined in 1900s Dublin, chronicling in minute detail a single day in the life of Leopold Bloom, his friend Stephen Dedalus and his long-suffering wife Molly. One of the wind god known as Anemoi and god of the unlucky east wind. The story of Prometheus, Epimetheus and Pandora is a popular myth of ancient Greece - one that has been told and retold throughout the ages. Traditionally, Heracles was the son of Zeus and Alcmene (see Amphitryon), granddaughter of Perseus. Next, was Tartarus who is usually confused with the residence Hades, but was depicted as the father of some of Gaeas children. 9 The Maidens by Alex MichaelidesDark academia meets Greek myth in this literary thriller set at Cambridge University. Butler at Darlington Hall, the poised Mr Stevens decides to visit his old colleague of 20 years standing, Miss Kenton. When only a handful of Spartans are left when the Persians descend, Ephialtes, in Persian uniform, is with them. But the novel ends with the elderly butler realising how the beliefs that have sustained him have also betrayed him. as well as other partner offers and accept our, Katherine Fiorillo is a freelance content writer specializing in books, lifestyle, and e-commerce.Katherine has a B.A. About Mythology; Mythology Summary; Character List; The marital friction between Jason and Medea is portrayed with great psychological insight and irony, which makes this tragedy seem utterly modern, as does its treatment of the themes of gender and otherness. And while some people may seem content with the story as it stands, our view is that there existcountless mysteries, scientific anomalies and surprising artifacts thathave yet to be discovered and explained. on Ancient Betrayals: Chrysippus and Family. The Titan god of the sea before Poseidon and father of the Nereids (nymphs of the sea). Twin brother of Castor, together known as the Dioskouri, that were transformed into the constellation Gemini. This is an extraordinary, dark and screwed-up novel about identity, deception and self that left me uncertain as to who and what had actually been betrayed. God of sexual desire, attraction, love and procreation. Greek mythology books (retellings, translations, and commentary) continue to be some of my favorite reads. In this book, Evslin brings the ancient myths to life in a series of stories to introduce readers to the gods in a captivating and exciting way. When Percy's mother sends him to Camp Half-Blood, a summer camp for demigods, he is thrust into an epic quest that leads him to the gates of the Underworld. He was the son of Aphrodite. Piri Reis Map - How Could a 16th Century Map Show Antarctica Without Ice? What Did Ancient Greece Really Look Like? Prometheus left cunning Dolus (Trickery) in charge of his workshop, Dolus had recently become one of the god's apprentices. Delilahs character was described as a beautiful woman whom Samson fell in love with and trusted her, but she only played a trick to sabotage Samson by cutting his hair which gave him his strength. According to various accounts of the creation of the world. We collected the best books to learn about Greek mythology or discover a fictional retelling. Any account of the first world war can be read as a testament of humanity betrayed. Known as the strongest man on Earth. At first Pandora abided by this rule, however her curiosity got the best of her. According to the myth as written by the Roman poet Virgil, the Trojan warrior Aeneas escapes the wreckage of Troy and embarks on a divine quest to found the city of Rome. The deadliest monster in Greek mythology and Father of All Monsters. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolos_(mythology)&oldid=1129786763, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 December 2022, at 03:34. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. . The air came together while the land and seas solidified. The Evening Star the planet Venus in the evening. Having taken the Nazirite vow at birth, Samson had been set apart to God. Messenger of the sea and the son of Poseidon and Amphitrite. Prometheus creating man in the presence of Athena (detail), Painted in 1802 by Jean-Simon Berthlemy, painted again by Jean-Baptste Mauzaisse in 1826. Oedipus, in Greek mythology, the king of Thebes who unwittingly killed his father and married his mother. Even with the knowledge of the event of the rape, Amir refrains from receiving help in the event, even though it is his best friend being raped, and looks on without being alarming to any passing help. She feared that Chrysippus would inherit the throne after Pelops instead of her offspring. In society, everyone puts their trust in someone such as a friend, a family, or a loved one. The blood proved to be a powerful poison, and Heracles died. The story goes that when the universe was being created, the earth formed out of chaos. Deianeira, realizing that Iole was a dangerous rival, sent Heracles a garment smeared with the blood of Nessus. Circe is a daughter of the mighty Titans who possesses a much different skill than her powerful parents: The power of witchcraft. Allusions to English and Welsh mythology weave in and out of the long tedium and explosive terror of trench warfare. He decided to punish Prometheus and mankind for their transgression of the gods will. Ancient, pre-Olympian sea-god of the deep sea, one of the Greek primordial deities and son of Gaia. I wonder if anyone would claim the right to judge her after having read this fascinating and disturbing book. Banished to a desert island by Zeus, Circe hones her craft while encountering some of the most famous mythological figures, including Odysseus, until a terrifying danger arises and Circe must choose between the gods and the mortals. "D'Aulaires' Book of Greek Myths" by Ingri d'Aulaire and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire, available on Amazon and Bookshop, from $17.99. Medusa, a monstrous Gorgon with snakes for hair and a look that can turn people to stone, lives a lonely, exiled existence on a distant island until the hero Perseus arrives and unleashes a new destiny of love, desire, and betrayal. Being the As Greek mythology goes, the universe was once a big soup of nothingness. A similarity is found now between these two pieces of literature. But it is also a myth that explains the creation of man, the birth of enlightenment, as well as the horrible beginnings of misery. He is also a master at cunning deception, craftiness, and treachery. In Greek mythology, Chrysippus is known as a hero associated with Elis in the Peloponnesus. He challenged Zeus for control of Mount Olympus. The Betrayal and Arrest of Jesus (18:1-14). Your email address will not be published. The men, too, are well drawn, allowing for a deeper insight into why they act as they do without excusing their failings. An Olympian god of the grape harvest, winemaking and wine, of ritual madness, religious ecstasy and theatre. Top 10 books about betrayal | Fiction | The Guardian Heracles | Myth, Significance, Labors, Meaning, & Facts Nemisis was descibed as a beutiful woman who carried a hour glass in which she exated revenge on those who displeased her. Dolos is an apprentice of the Titan Prometheus and a companion of the Pseudea (Lies). This book is a retelling of the Trojan War that focuses on the roles of women through the eyes of Calliope, the goddess of eloquence and epic poetry. Bernard Evslin was an author and playwright who became most well-known for writings about Greek mythology, including "Heroes, Gods and Monsters of the Greek Myths," which is estimated to have sold over 10 million copies. Using her magic to help Jason secure the Golden Fleece, Medea subsequently fell in love with him, causing her to flee her homeland and family. A sorceress and a princess, Medea is an important character portrayed in two very popular Greek mythological stories. One of the twins, Castor and Pollux, known as Dioscuri. One of the most well-known examples of this vengeance is the myth of Artemis and Actaeon.The most common version of the story, among ancient sources, is that Actaeon - a young Theban hunter - stumbled upon . Persephone was the daughter of Demeter, goddess of the harvest. Cleopatra, the last pharaoh of Egypt, is one of the most iconic figures in history. Zeus came to Antiope on a remote hillside in the guise of a satyr. With fire they learnt to survive cold winters and defy the seasons. Whatever the case, trust is an essential piece to a relationship. 131A-Greek Mythology: Sudden but Inevitable Betrayal 10 Jaw-dropping Engineering Marvels of the Inca Empire, Pompeii Unveiled: Discovering the City's Most Amazing Secrets (Video), Library in Stone: The Ica Stones of Professor Cabrera Part I, Two Sides to Every Story: The North American Martyrs Shrines and Indigenous/ Roman Catholic Relations, The Origins of the Faeries: Encoded in our Cultures Part I, Curse of the Buried Pearl: The Hunt for Ancient Treasures Part I, The Enigma of the Shugborough Inscription, Thieves of Fire in Ancient Mythology: Divine Creation and Destruction in the Hands of Man, Crime and Punishment: Eternal Damnations as handed down by the Ancient Greek Gods, Pandora, the Goddess who Unleashed both Hell and Hope upon Humanity, Kratos: The Cruel Greek God of Strength and Power, Prometheus: The Creator of Mankind Who Stole Fire from the Gods, Pandora: Unleashing Hell and Hope Upon Humanity, The Controversy Surrounding Witches Familiars and Religious Judgement, The Ancient Kingdom of Colchis: A Legendary Land of Plenty, Conflict, and the Golden Fleece.