e1b1a in the levant e1b1a in the levant

E-M2 is primarily distributed within sub-Saharan Africa. Almost immediately afterwards, CTS5856 split into six subclades, then branched off into even more subclades in the space of a few generations. So what exactly is the definition of a hamite? Autosomally they could be modelled as 2/3 Natufian and 1/3 Sub-Saharan African (West African), confirming the close genetic link between Late Paleolithic North Africans and Mesolithic South Levantines. Or it may have left Africa and became E1b1b after admixture with West Asians. [30] E-M10 was found in a single person of the Lissongo group in the Central African Republic and two members in a "Mixed" population from the Adamawa region.[12]. The low percentage of E-V13 is coastal Sardinia would be better explained by more recent settlements on the island by the Romans, or even the Goths, who also settled in Sardinia. Detection of numerous Y chromosome biallelic polymorphisms by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. Gusmao L, Sanchez-Diz P, Calafell F et al. Alexander's conquest of the Middle East would have taken Greek male lineages much further afield, perhaps as far as Afghanistan and Pakistan, although only at trace frequencies. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd, 2006, pp 679685. So I was wondering if such a marker has anything to do with the Natufian Neolithic culture of the Levant as some of the skulls associated with this particular culture have been described as Sub-Saharan-like. Where samples were ancestral for the four UEP markers, a further six to eleven UEPs (UEP1 and UEP2 kits: sY81, SRY4064, YAP, SRY10831, M13, M9, SRY465, M20, Tat, 92R7 and M17) were typed.38 NRY haplogroups were classified according to the nomenclature of the Y-Chromosome Consortium39 (Figure 1) and STR repeat sizes were assigned according to the nomenclature of Kayser et al.40 Additionally, the four E1b1a-specific UEPs were typed in 1820 samples, previously characterised as E1b1a in the TCGA database (published35, 36 and unpublished data), from the 35 non-Congo, sub-Saharan groups listed in Supplementary Table S1. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 73: 768779. If that is the case, E-M78 or E-M123 could have come to southern Europe through North African cattle herders during the Neolithic, although this hypothesis remains purely conjectural. R1a Indo-European tribes are associated with the Corded Ware culture, which spanned across Northeast Europe, Scandinavia and the northern half of Central Europe. The basal subclade is quite regularly observed in M2+ samples. Sardinia is also the only part of Europe where Bronze Age Steppe ancestry is virtually absent. Interestingly, de Filippo et al31 recently reported differences in the frequencies of haplogroups E1b1a and E1b1a7 between Bantu and Non-Bantu Niger-Congo speakers. E1b1a (L86.1) This mutation indicates that the population crossed the A1b1 dominated Grassland into the regions West of the great Lakes. This led to considerable confusion. But in any case E-V13 was definitely not the major Neolithic European lineage it was once alleged to be. Future studies that examine variation in the NRY E1b1a clade in Bantu-speaking population groups representing the East African coast will help to further elucidate the late eastern EBSP. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10: 92. The polymorphic markers are six STRs (DYS19, DYS388, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392 and DYS393) and four UEPs (M191, U175, U290 and U181) characterising the E1b1a haplogroup, which is modal in most population groups within the area of the EBSP.25 The four UEPs were typed using a tetra primer ARMS PCR method37 with minor modifications. These are to date the oldest known E1b1b individuals. Even within Britain it is found mainly in Wales, a region known to have served as a refuge for the Romano-British population during the Anglo-Saxon invasions. Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites:Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries. The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations. The Indo-European migrations would certainly have brought some E-V13 early on, from circa 2500 BCE. Late glacial migration of E-M78 to Mediterranean Europe It is still unclear when haplogroup E first entered Europe. This evidence suggests that at the end of the last glaciation 12,000 years ago, E1b1b men were present in the Levant, but not in other parts of the Near East. [30] Three South Africans tested positive for this marker. Only then would a later demic expansion have brought haplotype 22 chromosomes from central western to western Africa, giving rise to the opposite clinal distributions of haplotypes 22 and 24."[31]. The finer branches of the genealogical tree were associated with lower estimates of TMRCA (Figure 1). This page was last modified 01:24, 7 January 2020. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 71: 10821111. Iranic tribes, La Tne Celts, Romans, Goths, Slavs). Haplogroup E1b1b (formerly known as E3b) represents the last major direct migration from Africa into Europe. Y chromosomes traveling south: the cohen modal haplotype and the origins of the Lemba the Black Jews of Southern Africa. Steven Pinker is a Canadian experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, linguist, and popular science author. Amorim et al. The publication transposes M116.2 with M116.1 in Table 1. It is interesting to speculate on the possibility that this later expansion was associated with the contemporaneous development of metallurgy. Edmonds CA, Lillie AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL : Mutations arising in the wave front of an expanding population. [25] Wuta was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS7305 and L3e2b+152. M81 is especially common in western Iberia, notably Extremadura (15.5%), Andalusia (13.5%), southern Portugal (11%), the Canary Islands (11%), north-west Castille (10%) and Galicia (10%). Destro-Bisol G, Donati F, Coia V et al. Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S : Arlequin (version 3.0): an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. The story of M81 is very unusual in that it is so young and diversified into a multitude of subclades within just a few centuries. Although sampling in most NRY studies of sub-Saharan Africa has, in the past, been quite limited in terms of geographic coverage and sample sizes, the distribution of this haplogroup is relatively well described in groups living along both the postulated western and eastern routes of the EBSP, as well as in Senegal29 and Cameroon27, 30 in West Africa. [13] [14] The Goths settled over all the Italian peninsula. In fact, it has been calculated that E-V13 emerged from E-M78 some 7,800 years ago, when Neolithic farmers were advancing into the Balkans and the Danubian basin. However, Razib Khan in this podcast says that E1b1a was pretty common among ancient Levantines. Eur J Hum Genet 21, 423429 (2013). (2022) analysed the DNA of the remains of John Corvinus and his son Christopher Corvinus, the two last members of the Hunyadi family. That ancestor would have lived about 4,100 years ago, during the Bronze Age. This theory has it that E1b1b people were associated with the development of Neolithic lifestyle and the advent of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent and its earliest diffusion to Southeast Europe (Thessalian Neolithic) and Mediterranean Europe (Cardium Pottery culture). Soon afterwards, M34 split into two branches, M84 and Z841, which were probably found in the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. A single carrier was found in Mali. Its main subclade E-M34 most probably emerged in the Levant about 15,000 years ago. Veeramah et al. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 482490. People and Disease. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Hum Genet 2005; 117: 366375. In Anatolia, E-V13 is found mostly in the western third of the country, the region that used to belong to ancient Greece. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles He is the nephew of screenwriter, film director and producer Francis Ford Coppola, who shares the same haplogroup. E-M81 is found at an average frequency of 45% in the Maghreb and Libya, with peaks at over 60% in Tunisia as well as central and southern Morocco. The early development of agriculture triggered significant population growth, resulting in the expansion of early farming populations, along with the spread of language families in many parts of the world, including Africa.1 The many advantages of agricultural subsistence over foraging is a likely contributing factor to the rapid expansion of agriculturists and their languages during the holocene.2 A well-known example of this phenomenon in Africa is the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people (EBSP), which is thought, on the basis of linguistic evidence, to have started around 5000 years ago3 in the region on the border between modern day eastern Nigeria and Cameroon.4 It is widely accepted that there was an early split into eastern and western routes in which farmers first expanded east and also, within 1500 years, reached West-Central Africa. PubMedGoogle Scholar. E-U175 and E-L485) of E1b1a evolved. After that the expansion is thought to have taken two directions with one wave moving along the south-western coast (West-Bantu route) and the other moving further east, forming the eastern Bantu core by 3000 years before present (YBP). Buccal swabs were collected from males >18 years old unrelated at the paternal grandfather level but otherwise randomly selected from 43 groups across sub-Saharan Africa (Supplementary Table S1, samples from Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon were included in Veeramah et al (2010)35 and from South Africa in Thomas et al (2000)36). (2002) states: "A possible explanation might be that haplotype 24 chromosomes [E-M2*] were already present across the Sudanese belt when the M191 mutation, which defines haplotype 22, arose in central western Africa. "We must make it very clear that the paternal Israelite lineage E1B1A is the most important lineage of the Israelites but we can include the maternal haplogroups of L2 and L3. [33] In other words, as one moves to West Africa from western Central Africa, the less subclade E1b1a1f is found. Abingdon: Garland Science, 2004. The samples were classified into groups primarily by cultural identity, first language spoken and then by place of collection. Proc R Soc Lond B 2002; 793799. Ronny Decorte, a geneticist from the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, tested relatives of Adolf Hitler and determined that the Frher belonged to haplogroup E1b1b. They further observe that the lack of genetic data makes it premature to reach sweeping conclusions concerning the EBSP. [19] Human leukocyte antigen alleles further confirm that the individuals were of Sub-Saharan African origin. [25] Kuto was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS2198 and L2a1a2. More research is needed. These 2 haplogroups cover ancient Israelites 31-07-17, 19:20 #11. Whether origins of M81 lie in the Carthaginian or Roman elite, its parent clades M310.1 and Z827 would have originated in the Levant, and not in Northwest Africa. Of these lineages, the most common subclade is L2a, which is found in Africa the Levant and in the Americas.. Haplogroup L2 has been observed among specimens at the island cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550-800).. Haplogroup L2a. Wood ET, Stover DA, Ehret C et al. Nei M : Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. E1b1b's gradient in the maps shows in Levant its 24% in Palestine, 17% Lebanon, 14% Syria, 10% Turkey so it should have been say 4% in extreme southern . Only two other haplogroups exceeded 5% of the total: BT* (xDE,KT) (7.5%) and E* (xE1b1a) (5.1%). e1b1a is Bantu? Was E-V13 a major lineage of Hallstatt Celts and Italics? It would be easy to assume that E-M81 colonised Northwest Africa during the Mesolithic or Neolithic period, then spread to southern and western Europe with the southern wave of Neolithic farmers that crossed over from Morocco to Iberia, then spread around western Europe with the Megalithic people. E1B1B1 is of Levant origin, E1B1A is East African. E1b1b used to be E3b, but always is E-M215 or E-M35. Pakendorf et al7 identify and provide evidence of greater complexity in the process of the EBSP as suggested by Alves et al33 and Montano et al.34. (Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2012) There is no backflow of E1b1a into North Africa until Trans Saharan slavery and that's in its mutated form of E1b1a7. Comparisons made without including data sets from South Africa and Mozambique, so as to exclude the possibility of admixture between western and eastern Bantu-speaking expansions in the southern extremity of the continent, remain significant for both presence/absence of E1b1a8a1a in data sets and for frequency of the haplogroup (P<0.01). E1b1a is also known as E-M2 and E1b1b is also know as E-M215 or as E-M35. E1b1a is an African lineage that expanded from northern Africa to sub-Saharan and equatorial Africa with the Bantu agricultural expansion. Cruciani et al. 3500-1150 BCE) was a formative period in the Southern Levant, a region that includes present-day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, the Palestinian Authority, and southwest Syria. E-M2 is a diverse haplogroup with many branches. The only Bronze Age migration that could account for such a fast and far-reaching dispersal is that of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. Vansina J : New Linguistic Evidence and 'the Bantu Expansion'. The remains of the great Italian Baroque painter Caravaggio (1571-1610) were excavated to confirm the circumstances of his mysterious death at the age of 38. Z830, M310.1's brother clade, is almost exclusively Middle Eastern. Personally, I can't remember any study who detected E1b1a in that region during the BA or among the Natufians. Haplogroup E-V68, also known as E1b1b1a, is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup found in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Western Asia and Europe.It is a subclade of the larger and older haplogroup, known as E1b1b or E-M215 (also roughly equivalent to E-M35). It is not clear at present whether they expanded beyond the Near East during the Neolithic period, but they might have been part of the Neolithic expansion to North Africa and Iberia alongside haplogroups T1a and/or R1b-V88. Nature 1998; 394: 138140. The expansion of the Bantu-speaking people (EBSP) during the past 30005000 years is an event of great importance in the history of humanity. Research Department of Genetics, The Centre for Genetic Anthropology, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK, Naser Ansari Pour,Christopher A Plaster&Neil Bradman, You can also search for this author in [25] Anika was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS6126 and L2b1. found similarly low frequencies of basal E-U175* in subjects in the Ivory Coast and Benin. According to the DNA results of a relative, Google co-founder Larry Page (b. The M81 clade is defined by 150 other mutations beside M81 itself. [2] E-M329 is also frequent in Southwestern Ethiopia, especially among Omotic -speaking populations. [5] The downstream SNP E-M180 may have originated in the humid south-central Saharan savanna/grassland of North Africa between 14,000 BP and 10,000 BP. His DNA was compared to modern carriers of the same surname. From this subclade, all the major subclades (i.e. PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e16073. For many years the vast majority of academics have assumed that E-V13 and other E1b1b lineages came to the Balkans from the southern Levant via Anatolia during the Neolithic, and that the high frequency of E-V13 was caused by a founder effect among the colonisers. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29: E88. The EBSP six-STR haplotype was modal in 36 out of the 43 groups (see Supplementary Table S3) and was almost always a member of E1b1a8 (frequency of 96.4%, P<0.0001). The genetic data are thus in broad agreement with analysis based on linguistic studies, which suggests that the spread of Bantu languages is the consequence of successive dispersals and that a single large-scale migration by Bantu speakers is unlikely.3 It is also consistent with suggestions that differences between eastern and western Bantu languages are a consequence of expansion patterns.3 This interpretation suggests the absence of substantial male-mediated gene flow from East-Central Africa to West-Central Africa during the past millennium, because had it occurred, it would be expected that examples of haplogroup E1b1a8a1a would have been observed in the Congolese groups included in this study. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 125129. Marieke van de Loosdrecht et al. The study revealed that he belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1. E-M2 has several subclades, but many of these subhaplogroups are included in either E-L485 or E-U175. (2011) only found one out of 505 tested African subjects who was U175 positive but negative for U209. (2011) significantly redefined the E-V38 phylogenetic tree. In either case, it is likely that more M81 came into the Iberian peninsula during the Moorish period, when the Maghrebian Arabs conquered most of what is now Spain and Portugal, where they remained for over 700 years. In this scenario, M81 could have been the lineage of Carthaginian kings, or of a particularly prolific aristocratic familiy during the Carthaginian Republic. By the definition of haplogroup A as "non-BT", it is almost completely restricted to Africa, though a very small handful of bearers have been reported in Europe and Western Asia. [13][14], At Kindoki, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, there were three individuals, dated to the protohistoric period (230 BP, 150 BP, 230 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1a2 (E-CTS99, E-CTS99) and L1c3a1b, another carried haplogroup E (E-M96, E-PF1620), and the last carried haplogroups R1b1 (R-P25 1, R-M415) and L0a1b1a1. even though his parent clade is not and brother E-M215 is not. [28][27] The ancestral sickle cell haplotype to modern haplotypes (e.g., Cameroon/Central African Republic and Benin/Senegal haplotypes) may have first arose in the ancestors of modern West Africans, bearing haplogroups E1b1a1-L485 and E1b1a1-U175 or their ancestral haplogroup E1b1a1-M4732. Google Scholar. The weak point of this hypothesis is that it doesn't explain how M81 reached places like France, Britain, Greece or Turkey, nor even northern Spain. [15] It was impossible to determine his cause of death. 2002 ). In other words, the frequency of the haplogroup decreases as one moves from western and southern Africa toward the eastern and northern parts of Africa.[30]. (2018) tested the ancient DNA from 6th century Italy and Hungary and identified one E-V13 in Collegno (Turin) who was autosomally fully Italian (not a Lombard immigrant like many other samples tested). The Trans-Atlantic slave trade brought people to North America, Central America and South America including the Caribbean. Combined use of biallelic and microsatellite Y-chromosome polymorphisms to infer affinities among African populations. The small presence of E-V13 in the Near East could be better explained by the extremely long Greek presence in the eastern Mediterranean from the time of Alexander the Great until the end of the Byzantine domination over the region during the Middle Ages. Cereal farming may therefore trace its roots (literally) to the E1b1b tribes of the Mesolithic Levant. The outer and two inner fragments were amplified in a 10-l reaction volume containing 1l (1ng) of template DNA, 1.6l (50uM) dNTPs, 9.3nM TaqStart monoclonal antibody (BD Biosciences Clontech, Oxford, UK), 0.13U of Taq polymerase (HT Biotech, Cambridge, UK) and outer and inner primers (see Supplementary Table S2 for primer details). E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. CTS1096 split into three subclades around 7,500 to 7,000 years ago, a period that corresponds to the advent of the Copper Age around modern Kurdistan. Distribution of haplogroup E-M81 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. The highest percentage of E-M81 in Europe is found among the Pasiegos (30%, n=101), an isolated community living in the mountains of Cantabria. Google Scholar. The genetic legacy of western Bantu migrations. L791 and Z21466 have a mostly European distribution today and their ages point toward a Neolithic diffusion. (2007) suggests that E-M78, E1b1b predominant subclade in Egypt, originated in "Northeastern Africa", with a corridor for bidirectional migrations between northeastern and eastern Africa (at least 2 episodes between 23.9-17.3 ky and 18.0-5.9 ky ago), trans-Mediterranean migrations directly from northern Africa to Europe (mainly in It would then have spread to Greece and Italy alongside haplogroup J2a1 and T1a-P77. In doing so, we assume (a) that the NRY has a genealogy that, at least in that part of the genealogical tree analysed in this paper, can be unambiguously constructed using UEP polymorphisms47 (Figure 2) and (b) ASD is a measure of STR diversity that increases linearly over time and that calculating ASD from the common ancestor of a random sample of NRY that are members of a haplogroup provides an estimate of the TMRCA.43 Consistent with previous studies, we observed a high frequency modal of six-STR NRY haplotype (DYS19, 388, 390, 391, 392, 393:151221101113) throughout the area of the EBSP.26, 35, 36 Interpreting the frequencies of the component haplogroups of E1b1a within the context of their geographic distribution and TMRCA values throws additional light on the expansions associated with the EBSP. Frequencies of over 75% have been reported among the Tuaregs of Burkina Faso and Mali. M310.1 itself dates from the Late Paleolithic and could have come to Italy via Anatolia and Greece any time between the Late Glacial period and the Iron Age, including with Neolithic farmers, the Minoans, or the Etruscans. E1b1a (L576) This population represents an East to West thrust in Africa, only E1b1a lineage able to survive crossing the A1b1 territories. Z830, M310.1's . Due to the scarcity of full genomic sequences available from the Balkans, it is not yet clear when E-V13 expanded in that region. Y6923 also emerged around 3500 BCE, but became almost extinct. What is even more surprising is that these subclades do not show any consistent geographic pattern. If you are new to genetic genealogy, please check our Introduction to phylogenetics to understand how to read a phylogenetic tree. Here, to test the hypothesis that . The K257 and Y4970 branch emerged around 3000 BCE and is found in Iran, Armenia, Turkey, Russia, Greece, Italy and France, among others. E-V38 joins the West African-affiliated E-M2 and the Northeast African-affiliated E-M329 with an earlier common ancestor who, like E-P2, may have also originated in East Africa. [59] It has also been observed in a number of populations in Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America among people of African descent. E1b1a2 E1b1a2 is defined by the SNP mutation M329. As a consequence it is consistent with a late, rapid expansion from south of the Grassfields of Cameroon that did not include expansion along the earlier western route. E1b1b lineages are closely linked to the diffusion of Afroasiatic languages. E-M78 and E-Z827 originated respectively at 20,000 years and 24,000 years. Previously collected buccal-swab DNA samples from ethnic groups across sub-Saharan Africa were extracted by the standard phenol-chloroform method. The African diaspora: mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic slave trade. The making of the African mtDNA landscape. Cruciani et al. In 2002 he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. This suggests that E1b1b may indeed have appeared in East Africa, then expanded north until the Levant. The E1b1b1a lineage is identified by the presence of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation on the Y chromosome, which . The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans. This is consistent with the analysis of de Filippo et al,31 which is also supportive of a rapid expansion. They were supposedly descended from John Wright (1488-1551), of Kelvedon Hall, Essex, England, which allowed the Wright Surname DNA Project to isolate their paternal lineage based on the matching haplotypes of over 20 participants descending from that lineage. Genome Res 1997; 7: 9961005. (2012) recovered the DNA of Napoleon Bonaparte from beard hair follicules and compared his Y-DNA to that of one of his present-day descendants, Charles Napolon. But that percentage very certainly increased after spending several centuries in Central and Southeast Europe and assimilating Proto-Slavs and Balkanic people before invading Italy. Lazaridis et al. Therefore, it is unlikely that the absence of this haplogroup is due to drift after the initial stage of expansion when only a small number of individuals may have been involved or is simply not being observed in the present study. Google Scholar. wiki: E-V22 Concentrated in Northeast Africa and the Near East. They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. The material culture of the Late Chalcolithic period in the southern Levant (4500-3900/3800 BCE) is qualitatively distinct from previous and subsequent periods. A combination of UEPs and STRs in the paternally inherited NRY was typed in eight Congolese groups (n=591). E-M2 is especially common among indigenous Africans who speak Niger-Congo languages, and was spread to Southern Africa and East Africa through the Bantu expansion. E1b1a (also known as E-M2) forms part of the E-V38 haplogroup found on the human Y chromosome - making it a paternally inherited clade. E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. Trombetta B, Cruciani F, Sellitto D, Scozzari R : A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms. Nowadays E-M81 is the dominant paternal lineage among Northwest Africans, and particularly Tuaregs, Mountain Moroccans, Tunisians and Libyans. [67] The place of origin and age is unreported. The Dorians from Central Europe followed from c. 1200 BCE. Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on European Journal of Human Genetics website, Ansari Pour, N., Plaster, C. & Bradman, N. Evidence from Y-chromosome analysis for a late exclusively eastern expansion of the Bantu-speaking people. Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D et al. and (b) If so, did those expansions take different routes? Distribution of haplogroup E-V13 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. Behar DM, Thomas MG, Skorecki K et al. 2018). Nurse D : Bantu languages; in Brown K, (ed): Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Internet Explorer). As both NRY and mtDNA genetic systems have smaller effective population sizes than autosomal markers, they are more prone to genetic drift14, 15, 16 and are therefore more likely to differ among groups than are autosomal markers. Evol Bioinform Online 2005; 1: 4750. Since R1a-CTS1211 is not originally Germanic, it is likely that the Goths also brought a small but noticeable percentage of assimilated lineages from the Balkans, including E-V13 and J2b1 (I2a1b-CTS10228 would have come later from the East Slavic migrations from Ukraine during the Early Middle Ages, hence its absence from Italy, apart from a few coastal areas facing the Adriatic Sea). Early genetic studies of Bantu-speaking people were based on classical gene frequency data. Napoleon I had previously been identified by Lucotte's team as a member of mtDNA haplogroup H. The acclaimed theoretical physicist Albert Einstein is presumed to have belonged to Y-haplogroup E-Z830 based on the results from a patrilineal descendant of Naphtali Hirsch Einstein, Albert Einstein's great-grand-father. Bantu and European Y-lineages in sub-Saharan Africa. One of his patrilineal descendants was identified as a member of haplogroup E-V13 > Z17107. Samples in the Congolese data set have been divided into three pie charts representing Bantu H, B and C speakers. As a Germanic tribe they might have carried a small percentage of E-V13. The distribution of haplogroup E1b1a8a1a (defined by U181) with a very recent TMRCA of only 11001638 YBP is very different, however, being restricted to Nigeria and the east side of sub-Saharan Africa (Figure 2). They note that in studies to date, Eastern African groups are greatly underrepresented but essential for investigating the direction of expansion. All modern carriers of this lineage descend from a common ancestor who lived only 1,200 years ago, and all are Ashkenazi Jews. Table 1 reports the frequencies of all observed haplogroups, including the component haplogroups of E1b1a. Haplogroup E1b1a is an ancient brother to E1b1b, but has left a completely different fingerprint on the world today. [12], E1b1a1a1e is defined by markers M10, M66, M156 and M195. Haplotype diversity, h, and its SE were estimated from unbiased formulae of Nei41 and was performed using Arlequin software version 3.0.42 Average squared difference (ASD) in STR allele size between all chromosomes and the presumed ancestral haplotype (assumed to be the modal haplotype), averaged over loci, were estimated using YTIME software,43 and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated as described in Thomas et al44 using the R environment of statistical computing (www.R-project.org). Some of these SNPs have little or no published population data and/or have yet to receive nomenclature recognition by the YCC. [29] West Africans, bearing the Benin sickle cell haplotype, may have migrated into the northern region of Iraq (69.5%), Jordan (80%), Lebanon (73%), Oman (52.1%), and Egypt (80.8%).