which statement describes the spanish colonization of north america which statement describes the spanish colonization of north america

[74], Beginning in 1522 in the newly conquered Mexico, government units in the Spanish empire had a royal treasury controlled by a set of oficiales reales (royal officials). [79], The Valladolid debate (15501551) was the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of a colonized people by colonizers. There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa Mara la Antigua del Darin. London, England: Penguin Classics. The Aztecs under Spanish Rule. Benedict. One in 1949 stars Fredric March as Columbus. The Caribbean islands became less central to Spain's overseas colonization, but remained important strategically and economically, especially the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola. He also had to attract participants to the expedition who staked their own lives and meager fortunes on the expectation of the expedition's success. [68] To carry out the expedition (entrada), which entailed exploration, conquest, and initial settlement of the territory, the king, as sovereign, and the appointed leader of an expedition (adelantado) agreed to an itemized contract (capitulacin), with the specifics of the conditions of the expedition in a particular territory. Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs, but they remained separate kingdoms. Borah, Woodrow. Latin America stretches from the southern boundaries of the United States in North America to the southern tip of South America.. 2. Respect was out of the question then, as now, when people of one race consider themselves to be superior to people of other races. The crown established the audiencia in 1549. Gonzalo Jimnez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernn second in command. Cook, Noble David. Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos denounced Spanish cruelty and abuse in a sermon in 1511, which comes down to us in the writings of Dominican friar Bartolom de las Casas. The establishment of large, permanent Spanish settlements attracted a whole range of new residents, who set up shop as carpenters, bakers, tailors and other artisan activities. Inquisitional powers were initially vested in bishops, who could root out idolatry and heresy. I think the Span, Posted 2 years ago. Mercury is a neurotoxin, which damaged and killed human and mules coming into contact with it. The most prominent example is in Puebla, Mexico, when Bishop Juan de Palafox y Mendoza was driven from his bishopric by the Jesuits. [15], Spaniards spent over 25 years in the Caribbean where their initial high hopes of dazzling wealth gave way to continuing exploitation of disappearing indigenous populations, exhaustion of local gold mines, initiation of cane sugar cultivation as an export product, and forced migration of enslaved Africans as a labor force. In areas of sparse population, ranching of cattle (ganado mayor) and smaller livestock (ganado menor) such as sheep and goats ranged widely and were largely feral. [133][134] When the formal institution of the Inquisition was established in 1571, indigenous peoples were excluded from its jurisdiction on the grounds that they were neophytes, new converts, and not capable of understanding religious doctrine. Ore was crushed with the aid of mules and then mercury could be applied to draw out the pure silver. The Catholic Historical Review 64.2 (1978): 168-184. [40], One of the colonists who conquered Puerto Rico, Juan Ponce de Len, is commonly given credit for being the first European to sight Florida in 1513. Their role in judicial affairs and in overseeing the implementation of royal legislation made their decisions important for the communities they served." The structure of the hierarchy was in many ways parallel to that of civil governance. "Nicols de Ovando" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGngora1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLagos_Carmona1985 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFHistoria_general_de_Espaa1992 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBushnell1981 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChipman2005 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBushnell1981 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFChipman2005 (. Direct link to Bailey's post So did the Caste System d, Posted 5 years ago. which of the following is a true statement? During the Bourbon Reforms in the mid-eighteenth century, the crown systematically sought to centralize power in its own hands and diminish that of its overseas possessions, appointing peninsular-born Spaniards to Audiencias. The empire was formed by and under the command of Marshal Jean-Bdel Bokassa, military dictator and president of the Central African Republic, on 4 December 1976. [29], Between 1537 and 1543, six[citation needed] Spanish expeditions entered highland Colombia, conquered the Muisca Confederation, and set up the New Kingdom of Granada (Spanish: Nuevo Reino de Granada). Enslaved Africans were imported to Spanish territories, primarily to Cuba. [113], Spanish settlers sought to live in towns and cities, with governance being accomplished through the town council or Cabildo. Participants supplied their own armor and weapons, and those who had a horse received two shares, one for himself, the second recognizing the value of the horse as a machine of war. "Papal Responsibility for the Infidel: Another Look at Alexander VI's" Inter Caetera"." Spanish explorations of other islands in the Caribbean and what turned out to be the mainland of South and Central America occupied them for over two decades. Direct link to skyler karrick's post i think those dresses loo. Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 1 (2012): 26-40. The monarchy was abolished and the republic was restored on 21 September 1979. The empire in the Indies was a newly established dependency of the kingdom of Castile alone, so crown power was not impeded by any existing cortes (i.e. [127], Christian evangelization of non-Christian peoples was a key factor in Spaniards' justification of the conquest of indigenous peoples in what was called "the spiritual conquest". Charles sought to be elected Holy Roman Emperor and was willing to pay whatever it took to achieve that. In the eighteenth-century reforms, the Viceroyalty of Peru was reorganized, splitting off portions to form the Viceroyalty of New Granada (Colombia) (1739) and the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (Argentina) (1776), leaving Peru with jurisdiction over Peru, Charcas, and Chile. In the following years, Spain extended its rule over the Empire of the Inca civilization. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. The crown set the indigenous communities legally apart from Spaniards (as well as Blacks), who made up the Repblica de Espaoles, with the creation of the Repblica de Indios. Neither was effective in its purpose. There were few Spaniards and huge indigenous populations, so utilizing indigenous intermediaries was a practical solution to the incorporation of the indigenous population into the new regime of rule. Among the most notable expeditions are Hernando de Soto into southeast North America, leaving from Cuba (153942); Francisco Vzquez de Coronado to northern Mexico (154042), and Gonzalo Pizarro to Amazonia, leaving from Quito, Ecuador (154142). The conquest of central Mexico sparked further Spanish conquests, following the pattern of conquered and consolidated regions being the launching point for further expeditions. [Chile] has four months of winter, no more, and in them, except when there is a quarter moon, when it rains one or two days, all the other days have such a beautiful sunshine Chile was explored by Spaniards based in Peru, where Spaniards found the fertile soil and mild climate attractive. [66], The politics of asserting royal authority to oppose Columbus resulted in the suppression of his privileges and the creation of territorial governance under royal authority. "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as, Hoping to gain power over the city, Corts took, Following his defeat, Corts slowly created alliances and recruited tens of thousands of native peoples who resented Aztec rule. Timeline showing some of the major events and the earliest European colonies in North America. Don Martn was sent into exile, while other conspirators were executed. Spaniards also imported citrus trees, establishing orchards of oranges, lemons, and limes, and grapefruit. A well-connected settler in Cuba, Hernn Corts received authorization in 1519 by the governor of Cuba to form an expedition of exploration-only to this far western region. [29][31] This Mapuche victory laid the foundation for the establishment of a Spanish-Mapuche frontier called La Frontera. In 2000, Pope John Paul II apologized for errors committed by the Catholic Church, including forced conversion. Although implementation was slow and incomplete, it was an assertion of royal power over the clergy and the quality of parish priests improved, since the Ordenanza mandated competitive examination to fill vacant positions. [63] Ecclesiastics also functioned as administrators overseas in the early Caribbean period, particularly Frey Nicols de Ovando, who was sent to investigate the administration of Francisco de Bobadilla, the governor appointed to succeed Christopher Columbus. The expansion of Spain's territory took place under the Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile, Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand, King of Aragon, whose marriage marked the beginning of Spanish power beyond the Iberian peninsula. 2, p. 99. Charles revoked the grant in 1545, ending the episode of German colonization. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How did Spanish colon. [159], The epic journey of lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca has been portrayed in a 1991 feature-length Mexican film, Cabeza de Vaca. Although today Buenos Aires at the mouth of Ro de la Plata is a major metropolis, it held no interest for Spaniards and the 1535-36 settlement failed and was abandoned by 1541. [13] [46] In 1561, Pedro de Ursa led an expedition of some 370 Spanish (including women and children) into Amazonia to search for El Dorado. [64] Later ecclesiastics served as interim viceroys, general inspectors (visitadores), and other high posts. [16][17] Within this frontier the city of Concepcin assumed the role of "military capital" of Spanish-ruled Chile. Spaniards saw the dense populations of indigenous peoples as an important economic resource and the territory claimed as potentially producing great wealth for individual Spaniards and the crown. "Chile: Colonial Foundations" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. "La catastrophe dmographique" (The Demographic Catastrophe) in. Best was gold, but silver was found in abundance. As the indigenous populations declined, the need for corregimiento decreased and then suppressed, with the alcalda mayor remaining an institution until it was replaced in the eighteenth-century Bourbon Reforms by royal officials, Intendants. Although the structure of the indigenous cabildo looked similar to that of the Spanish institution, its indigenous functionaries continued to follow indigenous practices. How did spain handle all the inflation? Patterns of the first Spanish settlements in the Caribbean were to endure there and had a lasting impact on the Spanish Empire. Spanish colonization after Columbus accelerated the rivalry between Spain and Portugal to an unprecedented level. On 12 October 1492, Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus made landfall in the Western Hemisphere, and in 1493 permanent Spanish settlement of the Americas began.[4]. Ida Altman, S.L. how do I Define the term empire in the context of the Spanish conquest of South America? [105], In 1721, at the beginning of the Bourbon monarchy, the crown transferred the main responsibility for governing the overseas empire from the Council of the Indies to the Ministry of the Navy and the Indies, which were subsequently divided into two separate ministries in 1754. Farriss, Nancy Marguerite. In 1532 at the Battle of Cajamarca a group of Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro and their indigenous Andean Indian auxiliaries native allies ambushed and captured the Emperor Atahualpa of the Inca Empire. [3] Alarmed by the precipitous fall in indigenous populations and reports of settlers' exploitation of their labor, the crown put in place laws to protect their newly converted indigenous vassals. The exchange did not go one way. Choose the statement (s) that highlights the difference between social movements and other forms of collective behaviors such as fads and fashions. [140] In the Andes, Viceroy Francisco de Toledo revived the indigenous rotary labor system of the mita to supply labor for silver mining. Spaniards continued to expand their presence in the circum-Caribbean region with expeditions. Preview this quiz on Quizizz. Survivors continued to travel among indigenous groups in the North American south and southwest until 1536. In Peru, silver was found in a single silver mountain, the Cerro Rico de Potos, still producing silver in the 21st century. [108] Although constituted as the highest judicial authority in their territorial jurisdiction, they also had executive and legislative authority, and served as the executive on an interim basis. 142-43. 5, pp. A social system in which class status is determined at birth. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In addition to new intellectual developments and scientific discoveries, the expansion of Europe into the Americas was aided by which of the following desires and impulses among many Europeans?, By making desertion near impossible, Corts was able to create an environment in which his followers understood conquest as a necessity . Although their primary focus was on religious conversion, missionaries served as "diplomatic agents, peace emissaries to hostile tribes and they were also expected to hold the line against nomadic nonmissionary Indians as well as other European powers. 5, p. 453. The Spanish Borderlands, Historiography Redux., Spanish Exploration and Conquest of North America, This page was last edited on 21 April 2023, at 16:57. "Questionnaires from the Trial of the Second Marqus del Valle for Conspiracy, 1566" in, Fernndez de Recas, Guillermo S. Cacicazgos y nobiliario indgena de la Nueva Espaa. Direct link to d042's post how do I Define the term , Posted 3 years ago. [49] Juan de Oate, is sometimes referred to as "the Last Conquistador",[50] expanded Spanish sovereignty over what is now New Mexico. Warren, J. The Spaniards systematically attempted to transform structures of indigenous governance to those more closely resembling those of Spaniards, so the indigenous city-state became a Spanish town and the indigenous noblemen who ruled became officeholders of the town council (cabildo). The crown was open to limiting the inheritance of encomiendas in perpetuity as a way to extinguish the coalescence of a group of Spaniards impinging on royal power. Since in central and southern Mexico (Mesoamerica) and the highland Andes indigenous peoples had existing traditions of payment of tribute and required labor service, the Spanish could tap into these systems to extract wealth. The Proclamation Line of 1763 was drawn by the British along the Appalachian Mountains. Spanish settlement in Mexico largely replicated the organization of the area in preconquest times while in Peru, the center of the Incas was too far south, too remote, and at too high an altitude for the Spanish capital. But the indigenous allies had much to gain by throwing off Aztec rule. Who had? Corts's seeking indigenous allies was a typical tactic of warfare: divide and conquer. The Viceroyalty of Per was established in 1542. [30] South of the Bo-Bo River the Mapuche successfully reversed colonization with the Destruction of the Seven Cities in 15991604. A drawing depicting Malintzin translating for Cortez and Aztes. As the colonial economy became more diversified and less dependent on these mechanisms for the accumulation of wealth, the indigenous noblemen became less important for the economy. [55][56] Arguably the most significant introduction was diseases brought to the Americas, which devastated indigenous populations in a series of epidemics. However, noblemen became defenders of the rights to land and water controlled by their communities. Their colonial governments reflected the model of a two-house Parliament and long-cherished civil liberties. The salary of officials during the Habsburg era were paltry, but the corregidor or alcalde mayor in densely populated areas of indigenous settlement with a valuable product could use his office for personal enrichment. Direct link to Jude's post I believe the caste syste, Posted 5 years ago. Select the correct answer. Direct link to braydon.cook's post Who had? In the Caribbean, because there was no integrated indigenous civilization such as found in Mexico and Peru, there was no large-scale Spanish conquest of indigenous peoples, but there was indigenous resistance to Spanish colonization. The veedor, or overseer, position quickly disappeared in most jurisdictions, subsumed into the position of factor. A checkerboard pattern radiated outward. Cane sugar imported from the Old World was a high value, a low bulk export product that became the bulwark of tropical economies of the Caribbean islands and coastal Tierra Firme (the Spanish Main), as well as Portuguese Brazil. He was subsequently tried and convicted of cruelty to both natives and colonists and banished from New Mexico for life.[52]. I: Crowds and social movements have lasting and more significant effects and last for a longer period of time than fads and fashions. [100], In 2000, Pope John Paul II apologized for the wrongs done by the Catholic Church, including those to indigenous peoples. Mounted indigenous warriors were significant foes for Spaniards. American colonies, also called thirteen colonies or colonial America, the 13 British colonies that were established during the 17th and early 18th centuries in what is now a part of the eastern United States. [147] With only a small labor force to draw on, ranching was an ideal economic activity for some regions. The Spanish moved into the Americas with a lust for wealth. Why didn't the spanish just leave the natives alone after the natives killed the men? Another important export product was cochineal, a color-fast red dye made from dried insects living on cacti. The Spanish expansion has sometimes been succinctly summed up as being motivated by "gold, glory, God," that is, the search for material wealth, the enhancement of the conquerors' and the crown's position, and the expansion of Christianity to the exclusion of other religious traditions. The Taino population on Hispaniola went from hundreds of thousands or millions the estimates by scholars vary widely but in the mid-1490s, they were practically wiped out. Until his dying day, Columbus was convinced that he had reached Asia, the Indies. By 1763 the English had established dominance in North America, having defeated France and Spain in the French and Indian War. The colonies grew both geographically along the Atlantic coast and westward and numerically to 13 from the time of their founding to the American Revolution (1775-81). 1496: Santo Domingo, the first European permanent settlement, is built. [70], After the end of the period of conquests, it was necessary to manage extensive and different territories with a strong bureaucracy. Europeans imported enslaved Africans to the early Caribbean settlements to replace indigenous labor and enslaved and free Africans were part of colonial-era populations. Often they erected a church on the site of an indigenous temple. [109] They were the "center of the administrative system [and] gave the government of the Indies a strong basis of permanence and continuity. "[112] As with many colonial institutions, corregimiento had its roots in Castile when the Catholic Monarchs centralize power over municipalities. Among this first group was Toribio de Benavente, known now as Motolinia, the Nahuatl word for poor.[128][129]. They founded the towns of Coro and Maracaibo. Caste system. Portugal's claim to part of South America under the Treaty of Tordesillas resulted in the creation of Portuguese colony of Brazil. [59], The Spanish brought new crops for cultivation. There is no fabrication here, What are some specific examples of political systems they had. Miller, Gary. [104] With the 1508 papal grant to the crown of the Patronato real, the crown, rather than the pope, exercised absolute power over the Catholic Church in the Americas and the Philippines, a privilege the crown zealously guarded against erosion or incursion. Powers, Stephen. According to the French historian Jean Dumont The Valladolid debate was a major turning point in world history In that moment in Spain appeared the dawn of the human rights. Although there were restrictions of appointees' ties to local elite society and participation in the local economy, they acquired dispensations from the cash-strapped crown. The Spanish colonization effort differed from those of the French and Dutch mainly because Spain created a massive empire. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964. For other uses, see, Ecological conquests and demographic catastrophe, Assertion of royal control in the early Caribbean, Civil administrative districts, provinces, Frontier institutions presidio and mission, Early economy of indigenous tribute and labor. What factors lead to their demise? Spaniards established a network of settlements in areas they conquered and controlled. [80], The indigenous populations in the Caribbean became the focus of the crown in its roles as sovereigns of the empire and patron of the Catholic Church. There is debate about the impact of ranching on the environment in the colonial era, with sheep herding being called out for its negative impact, while others contest that. The Spanish Crown separated them into the Repblica de Indios. [153] A 2010 film, Even the Rain starring Gael Garca Bernal, is set in modern Cochabamba, Bolivia during the Cochabamba Water War, following a film crew shooting a controversial life of Columbus. The early Caribbean proved a massive disappointment for Spaniards, who had hoped to find mineral wealth and exploitable indigenous populations. The Spanish Empire could not have ruled these vast territories and dense indigenous populations without utilizing the existing indigenous political and economic structures at the local level. The two powers vied for domination through the acquisition of new lands. Direct link to dcervante0051's post what were the spanish ast, Posted 5 years ago. The image of mounted Araucanians capturing and carrying off white women was the embodiment of Spanish ideas of civilization and barbarism. Aguirre subsequently wrote a letter to Philip II bitterly complaining about the treatment of conquerors like himself in the wake of the assertion of crown control over Peru. Question 1. According to Cook, the indigenous Californian population at first contact, in 1769, was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910. By contrast, the indigenous population plummeted by an estimated 80% in the first century and a half following Columbus's voyages, primarily through the spread of infectious diseases. [77] Upon their failure to effectively protect the indigenous and following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and the Spanish conquest of Peru, more stringent laws to control conquerors' and settlers' exercise of power, especially their maltreatment of the indigenous populations, were promulgated, known as the New Laws (1542). Castao, Victoria Ros. New York: Cambridge University Press 1994. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrading1971 (, Kuethe, Allan J. Puerto Rico continues to be a possession of the United States, now officially continues as a self-governing unincorporated territory. The individual leaders of expeditions assumed the expenses of the venture and in return received as reward the grant from the government of the conquered territories;[69] and in addition, they received instructions about treating the indigenous peoples. In 1574, Philip II promulgated the Order of Patronage (Ordenaza del Patronato) ordering the religious orders to turn over their parishes to the secular clergy, a policy that secular clerics had long sought for the central areas of empire, with their large indigenous populations. However, the name was typically used to refer to the peninsula itself as well as the Gulf Coast, Georgia, Carolina, and southern Virginia. [71], As the basic political entity it was the governorate, or province. It is estimated that during the colonial period (14921832), a total of 1.86million Spaniards settled in the Americas, and a further 3.5million immigrated during the post-colonial era (18501950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century and most during the 18th century, as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon dynasty.[2]. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following was a primary feature of social relations established in the Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere?, In their colonization of the Americas, the Spanish used the encomienda system to, Which of the following statements about the population of North America at the time of Christopher Columbus' voyages is . Even by the mid-1510s, the western Caribbean was largely unexplored by Spaniards. Spaniards had seen the disappearance of the indigenous populations in the Caribbean, and with that, the disappearance of their main source of wealth, propelling Spaniards to expand their regions of control. "California Indian Characteristics". Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Vol. The crown of Castile financed more of his trans-Atlantic journeys, a pattern they would not repeat elsewhere. "Hoofprints: Cattle Ranching and Landscape Transformation" in, Brevisima relacin de la destruccin de las Indias, Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan, First relation letter from Pedro de Valdivia to emperor Charles V, forced resettlement of indigenous populations, Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Latin American economy Colonial era and Independence (ca. lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca was one of four survivors of that expedition, writing an account of it.